Students should prepare for tomorrow's final exam by going over Unit tests and Chapter quizes. Use the website, your text, tests, and previous homework assignments to help you study. You will be allowed one sheet of paper to help you as a "cheat sheet" on tomorrow's final exam. There are 3 sections, and 20 questions (or so) in each section.
You must bring a pencil! The marking machine cannot read anything other than pencil. No one leaves the room for any reason during the final exam. Go to the bathroom and get a drink before class.
Please bring your textbooks for Friday. They will be collected. If you don't bring it in, you will owe us money and the office may not pass you to the next grade without it!
Good Luck!
Here are the answers to yesterday's homework:
p. 215
1. Unique proteins and sugars on the surfaces of
eggs and sperm help in species identification.
2. The method of fertilization for land-dwelling
animals is usually internal fertilization.
3. The method of fertilization for water-dwelling
animals is usually external fertilization.
4. Pollination is the method of internal fertilization
for land-dwelling plants, where sperm is
transferred to the female productive part of
the plant.
5. Within a seed is a plant embryo and stored
food for the embryo.
Pg 223 -
1. For successful sexual reproduction to occur,
two parents of the same species are required,
and two gametes must come together for fertilization.
2. The three stages of sexual reproduction are
mating, where gametes are brought together;
fertilization, which is the union of the egg and
sperm; and development, which is a series of
mitotic and cell divisions of the zygote that
form the embryo and fetus.
3. Answers may vary. Mammals that mate in
water include whales, sea lions, sea otters, dolphins,
and seals.
4. Internal fertilization occurs when the sperm
cells are deposited inside the female’s body
where they meet the egg. Usually only one
sperm can fertilize an egg.
5. External fertilization occurs when a sperm and
egg unite outside the bodies of the parents.
6. When an egg and sperm unite, this restores
the diploid number of chromosomes. If more
than one sperm was able to fertilize the egg,
the fertilized egg would have more than the
diploid number of chromosomes. The fertilized
egg would be unable to undergo any
more cell divisions as the egg would not pass
the checkpoints because of the incorrect number
of chromosomes.
7. Water or water-containing fluid is necessary
for animals that reproduce sexually to prevent
the dehydration of the egg, sperm, and
embryo. This is not a problem in water but
does become a problem on land.
8. In plants, the pollen tube delivers the sperm to
the egg.
9. In flowering plants, the seed is enclosed in a
fruit. In cone-bearing plants, the seed is protected
within the female cone.
Pg. 232 - 233
Checking Concepts
1. Meiosis is necessary for multicellular organisms
so that the chromosome number can be
retained and so that genetic variation can
occur.
2. Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis since in
both processes sister chromatids separate.
3. At the beginning of meiosis, the parent cell is
diploid. At the end of meiosis, there are four
haploid cells.
4. The two events that produce genetic variation
are crossing over, where genetic information is
exchanged between non-sister chromatids, and
independent assortment, where there are two
possibilities for how a chromosome will sort
itself into daughter cells.
5. Crossing over is like shuffling a deck of cards
because there are many, many possibilities of
how the genetic material in a gamete will
order itself. Crossing over can occur multiple
times, like cutting the cards and shuffling a
deck of cards.
6. You are not identical to your parents or siblings
because of the reshuffling from crossing
over and independent assortment. In independent
assortment, the egg contained chromosomes
from your grandparents on your
mother’s side, and the sperm contained genetic
information from your grandparents on your
father’s side. For each chromosome in the egg,
there was a 50% chance that you inherited
your grandmother’s genetic information, 50%
that the genetic information was from your
grandfather on your mother’s side. This is true
for all 23 chromosomes, so this is 223 possibilities
just from the egg, and there would be 223
possibilities for the sperm.
7. A karyotype allows geneticists to determine
whether there has been a chromosomal mutation.
A whole chromosome could have been
deleted or added, or a piece of a chromosome
could have been added, deleted, or moved
onto another chromosome.
8. The syndrome with three chromosomes 21s
is Trisomy 21, commonly known as Down
syndrome.
9. Answers will vary as there are many ways that
students could connect these ideas. Check for
correct associations.
10. (a) Internal fertilization
(b) External fertilization
(c) External fertilization
(d) Both, since this is sexual reproduction
from the union of the egg and sperm
11. (a) The period of rapid growth rate is from
three to six months.
(b) The growth is the slowest between the
sixth and seventh month.
(c) The fastest growth rate shows the steepest
slope on the graph. The slowest growth
rate is shown in the least steep slope.
Understanding Key Ideas
12. The purpose of fertilization is to join the egg
and the sperm, to restore the diploid number
for the offspring.
13. External fertilization is suited to aquatic environments
because the eggs, sperm, and zygote
will not dry out, and the water helps disperse
the eggs and sperm.
14. A single fertilized egg grows into a multicellular
embryo by dividing millions of times by
mitosis. The cells differentiate and become
specialized to perform a particular function.
This means certain genes will now be read and
other genes will no longer be read.
15. Pollen is male sperm and therefore contains
DNA. Each species would have unique DNA
in the pollen that might help in a crime investigation.
16. (a) 1. Ectoderm; 2. mesoderm; 3. endoderm
(b) Answers may vary but should include any
one of each of the following organs.
Ectoderm: skin, nervous system; mesoderm:
kidneys, reproductive organs;
endoderm: lining of digestive system,
lungs, liver
17. Scientists prefer to use embryonic stem cells
because these cells have the potential to
become any type of cell. Teenage or adult stem
cells can become only a few different types of
cells. For example, an adult blood stem cell
could become only blood tissue, not muscle
cells or skin cells.
18. The researcher is looking at a karyotype.
By doing this analysis, the researcher can
determine if the person has a chromosome
mutation.
19. Reproductive technology has an impact on
society because it helps infertile couples to
conceive. However, the technology raises
many ethical and other questions, such as
should these technologies be free and available
to everyone, should we be selecting for
embryos, who are the biological and legal parents
of the child, and what do we do with the
unused embryos.
Chapter 6 Quiz
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. D
10. B
11. D
12. E
13. F
14. A
15. B
16. C
Wednesday, July 30, 2008
Tuesday, July 29, 2008
Pgs 161 and 165
Here are the Answers to Pg 161
p. 161
1. The four phases of mitosis are: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
2. During prophase, the nucleolus disappears and
the nuclear membrane begins to break down.
The chromosomes become visible and they
attach themselves to spindle fibres at their
centromeres.
3. During cytokinesis in animal cells, the cell
membrane pinches together and the cytoplasm
divides (Figure 5.9). During cytokinesis in
plant cells, a cell plate forms across the middle
and contains material to form a new cell wall
and cell membrane (Figure 5.10).
4. The importance of checkpoints in the cell
cycle is that at these checkpoints the cell can
be stopped from growing or dividing if conditions
are unsuitable. This precise control is
important to the survival of the organism.
5. If a checkpoint protein no longer functions,
which could occur when a mutation occurs in
a gene producing the instructions for a checkpoint
protein, cell cycle control will be lost,
and this could lead to cancer.
PG 165 # 1-6
1. (a) During growth and preparation, the cell
increases in size and makes the proteins
and molecules necessary for it to function.
Some organelles begin to duplicate.
(b) During replication, the DNA copies itself.
(c) In the continued growth and preparation
phase, the cell makes materials such as proteins
and duplicates organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
2. The steps in DNA replication are: (a) the
DNA molecule unwinds, (b) the steps of the
DNA ladder break apart to form a template,
(c) the new side forms with A pairing with T
and G pairing with C.
3. The function of mitosis is to divide the contents
of the cell’s nucleus so that each daughter
cell will have the same number and kinds of
chromosomes as the original cell.
4. Mitosis is occurring only in cells that are
preparing to divide. Some cells stay in the
growth and preparation phase for a long
period of time. For example, brain cells get
replaced every 30 to 50 years. Cells that
become worn out easily, such as stomach
lining, intestinal lining, and skin cells, undergo
mitosis more frequently. Figure 5.3 on page
152 gives examples of different cell replacement
times.
5. Spindle fibres function to guide attached chromosomes
to opposite poles of the cell as they
contract and shorten.
6. (a) A; (b) A; (c) D; (d) C, B A, D
(e) You could tell whether a cell is just entering
mitosis by observing if the chromosomes
appear duplicated like an X where
two chromatids are attached at a centromere.
The cell would be just completing
mitosis if the chromatids are single.
1. In binary fission in bacteria, there is no
nucleus. Bacteria have only one chromosome
ring, so there is no mitosis as seen in eukaryotic
cells where the nuclear membrane disappears
and the X-shaped chromosomes move to
the equator and then separate.
2. Binary fission occurs in unicellular organisms,
but budding occurs in multicellular organisms.
In budding, repeated mitosis and cell division
occurs within an area of the individual so that
a multicellular outgrowth or bud is produced.
3. Fragmentation occurs when a piece of a plant
or animal breaks away. A new organism is able
to grow from the multiplication of the cells of
the fragmented piece.
4. In plant grafting, the stem of a desired plant is
attached to another plant that already has
roots.
5. In therapeutic cloning, stem cells can be used
to replace damaged or diseased cells.
(Embryonic stem cells, as well as egg and
sperm cells, have the potential to become any
type of cell. If the nucleus of a skin cell of a
person who has a disease is removed and
inserted into an enucleated stem cell or egg
cell, the nucleus will make proteins unique to
that individual. These new cells can be chemically
induced to become the desired type of
cell, such as kidney cells. When the kidney
cells are put back into the patient, they will
not be rejected because the patient’s body recognizes
these cells as belonging to them since
the cells will be making unique molecules
coded in the DNA of the nucleus.)
p. 161
1. The four phases of mitosis are: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
2. During prophase, the nucleolus disappears and
the nuclear membrane begins to break down.
The chromosomes become visible and they
attach themselves to spindle fibres at their
centromeres.
3. During cytokinesis in animal cells, the cell
membrane pinches together and the cytoplasm
divides (Figure 5.9). During cytokinesis in
plant cells, a cell plate forms across the middle
and contains material to form a new cell wall
and cell membrane (Figure 5.10).
4. The importance of checkpoints in the cell
cycle is that at these checkpoints the cell can
be stopped from growing or dividing if conditions
are unsuitable. This precise control is
important to the survival of the organism.
5. If a checkpoint protein no longer functions,
which could occur when a mutation occurs in
a gene producing the instructions for a checkpoint
protein, cell cycle control will be lost,
and this could lead to cancer.
PG 165 # 1-6
1. (a) During growth and preparation, the cell
increases in size and makes the proteins
and molecules necessary for it to function.
Some organelles begin to duplicate.
(b) During replication, the DNA copies itself.
(c) In the continued growth and preparation
phase, the cell makes materials such as proteins
and duplicates organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
2. The steps in DNA replication are: (a) the
DNA molecule unwinds, (b) the steps of the
DNA ladder break apart to form a template,
(c) the new side forms with A pairing with T
and G pairing with C.
3. The function of mitosis is to divide the contents
of the cell’s nucleus so that each daughter
cell will have the same number and kinds of
chromosomes as the original cell.
4. Mitosis is occurring only in cells that are
preparing to divide. Some cells stay in the
growth and preparation phase for a long
period of time. For example, brain cells get
replaced every 30 to 50 years. Cells that
become worn out easily, such as stomach
lining, intestinal lining, and skin cells, undergo
mitosis more frequently. Figure 5.3 on page
152 gives examples of different cell replacement
times.
5. Spindle fibres function to guide attached chromosomes
to opposite poles of the cell as they
contract and shorten.
6. (a) A; (b) A; (c) D; (d) C, B A, D
(e) You could tell whether a cell is just entering
mitosis by observing if the chromosomes
appear duplicated like an X where
two chromatids are attached at a centromere.
The cell would be just completing
mitosis if the chromatids are single.
1. In binary fission in bacteria, there is no
nucleus. Bacteria have only one chromosome
ring, so there is no mitosis as seen in eukaryotic
cells where the nuclear membrane disappears
and the X-shaped chromosomes move to
the equator and then separate.
2. Binary fission occurs in unicellular organisms,
but budding occurs in multicellular organisms.
In budding, repeated mitosis and cell division
occurs within an area of the individual so that
a multicellular outgrowth or bud is produced.
3. Fragmentation occurs when a piece of a plant
or animal breaks away. A new organism is able
to grow from the multiplication of the cells of
the fragmented piece.
4. In plant grafting, the stem of a desired plant is
attached to another plant that already has
roots.
5. In therapeutic cloning, stem cells can be used
to replace damaged or diseased cells.
(Embryonic stem cells, as well as egg and
sperm cells, have the potential to become any
type of cell. If the nucleus of a skin cell of a
person who has a disease is removed and
inserted into an enucleated stem cell or egg
cell, the nucleus will make proteins unique to
that individual. These new cells can be chemically
induced to become the desired type of
cell, such as kidney cells. When the kidney
cells are put back into the patient, they will
not be rejected because the patient’s body recognizes
these cells as belonging to them since
the cells will be making unique molecules
coded in the DNA of the nucleus.)
Day 17 - Sexual Reproduction and Development
Today we will be discussing the differences between different methods of reproduction, i.e. internal vs. external fertilization, and reproductive technology. It should be the goal of the student that they can differentiate before tomorrows quiz on chapter 6
Advantages and disadvantages to asexual and sexual reproduction as a strategy
Different methods of asexual reproduction
Different methods of sexual reproduction
Don't forget about the final exam on Thursday!
Here is the homework due Wednesday:
Pg 215 # 1 - 5
Pg 223 # 1 - 9
Pg. 233 # 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12-16.
These are the answers to last day's assignments:
Pg 184 # 1-26
1. Cell division is necessary in unicellular organisms
so that these organisms can reproduce
themselves in great numbers.
2. Cell division is necessary in multicellular
organisms for growth and to replace worn-out
cells.
3. The three stages of the cell cycle are interphase,
mitosis, and cytokinesis.
4. Cells are performing the life functions of a cell
during interphase. Digestive system cells will
be making enzymes, retina cells will be performing
chemical reactions so that you are
able to see. In addition, the cell is preparing
for cell division by duplicating organelles.
5. The checkpoint proteins check for the following:
(a) Are there enough nutrients in the cell
to support growth? (b) Is the DNA damaged?
(c) Has the DNA replicated? (d) Have the
chromosomes become attached to the spindle
fibres? (e) Have the chromosomes moved to
the poles in anaphase?
6. If the cell as unable to make the proteins to
form spindle fibres, mitosis could not occur
successfully since the chromosomes would not
be able to attach. The result would be that the
chromosomes would not be equally distributed
between cells.
7. If there is a mutation in a checkpoint protein,
the cell may continue to proceed through the
cell cycle and the result is that the cell may die
or have a mutation.
8. Bacteria grow at an exponential rate through
binary fission and mutations do occur. If a
mutation occurs that allows the bacteria to
become resistant to antibiotics, these bacteria
will survive and multiply.
9. The chart should include the following:
Interphase: Cell carries out the functions necessary
for survival, and if the cell is going to
divide it will prepare for cell division by copying
the DNA and duplicating organelles.
Mitosis: The duplicated chromosomes are
divided into two equal parts.
Cytokinesis: The two nuclei and the contents
of the cell separate into two daughter cells.
10. The chart should include the following:
Prophase: The chromosomes become visible,
and the spindle fibres appear and chromosomes
attach.
Metaphase: The spindle fibres pull the Xshaped
chromosomes into a single line at the
equator.
Anaphase: The spindle fibres contract and
shorten, and the chromatids are pulled to
opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: The spindle fibres disappear, and
the nuclear membrane forms around each set
of chromosomes.
11. The daughter plant cells will remain together
with a cell plate between them, which will
form the cell membrane and cell wall. The
animal cells will pinch completely apart.
12. The major disadvantage of asexual reproduction
is that there is very little variation so all
the offspring are identical. If conditions
change, all of the individuals could die.
13. Three reasons for human-assisted cloning are
to save an endangered species, to mass produce
an organism with a desired trait, or to
correct health problems.
14. Reproductive cloning is also known as adult
DNA cloning, and it is used to duplicate an
entire individual that has a desired trait.
15. Stem cells are cells that are not yet differentiated
to become a specific kind of cell. They
have the potential to become many different
types of cells.
16. Two characteristics of asexual reproduction are
that only one parent is required and all of the
offspring are genetic clones of the parent.
17. The nuclear membrane must disintegrate during
prophase so that the chromosomes are free
to attach to the spindle fibres.
18. (a) These cells are plant cells.
(b) You know that they are plant cells because
there appears to be a cell wall, there is no
centromere for the spindle fibres to attach
to, and the cells remain side by side after
cell division.
(c) The correct sequence is C, A, D, B.
(d) Diagram C shows prophase where the
chromosomes become visible. Diagram A
show metaphase where the chromosomes
are lined up in single file at the equator.
Diagram D shows anaphase where the
chromatids move to opposite poles.
Diagram B shows telophase where the
nuclear membrane forms around the sets
of chromosomes.
19. If the chromosomes do not separate out correctly
during anaphase, the cell will probably
not pass the checkpoints to go through the
rest of the cell cycle. The cell will die, or it
may go unchecked so that one daughter cell
will end up with more chromosomes than the
other daughter cell.
20. Cancer cells spread to a new location when
they break away and move into the bloodstream,
where they may begin to divide and
form a new tumour.
21. The blood vessels branch into the tumour and
deliver nutrients to it, which allows it to grow
even more rapidly.
22. A laboratory technician can identify cancer
cells because these cells have a large abnormal
nucleus since there are extra chromosomes
inside.
23. Only less complex forms of life can reproduce
asexually because lower forms have only a few
types of cells. Higher forms have many types
of specialized cells to form complex tissues.
24. There are concerns about stem cell research
because some people feel it is wrong to
destroy cells that are able to develop into an
individual.
25. To determine the best conditions for reproduction
of an amoeba, the scientist might put
the amoeba in different environments such as
more light, less light, warmer temperatures,
colder temperatures, more acidic, or less
acidic. The conditions that produced the
fastest rate of growth without any mutations
would be the ideal conditions.
p. 194
1. Genetic diversity is the inherited differences in
a population. For example, not everyone in the
classroom is the same height.
2. The function of meiosis is to reduce the chromosome
number so that when the egg and
sperm unite the original number of chromosomes
will not be doubled.
3. (a) The haploid number of chromosomes in
humans is 23.
(b) The diploid number of chromosomes in
humans is 46.
4. Another name for a fertilized egg is a zygote.
5. Homologous chromosomes are a matching
pair of chromosomes that are the same size
and shape. They have genes coding for the
same trait in the same location. (One member
of the pair originally came from the mother’s
egg and the other from the father’s sperm).
Pg 203
1. The number of chromosomes in a human skin
cell is 46 (the diploid number) and in a human
egg cell is 23 (the haploid number).
2. To identify a pair of homologous chromosomes,
you would look for two chromosomes
that have the same size and shape.
3. The benefits of genetic diversity are that
organisms may have new characteristics that
allow them to be better equipped to cope with
changes in the environment. The organism
may gain an advantage over another organism.
4. For a zygote to become an embryo, the cell
must undergo mitosis and cell division.
5. (a) Meiosis II
(b) Meiosis I
(c) Meiosis I
(d) Meiosis I
(e) Meiosis II
6. Cannot be uploaded at this time. Mr. Gill is working on a solution.
7. In meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes
are paired at the equator. In mitosis, the
homologous chromosomes are unpaired and
line up individually at the equator.
8. There is the diploid number (46 chromosomes
in humans) in metaphase of mitosis and the
haploid number (23 chromosomes or 46 chromatids
in humans) in metaphase II of meiosis.
9. In crossing over, parts of non-sister chromatids
exchange information that could create
new characteristics.
10. In independent assortment, there are two possibilities
of how a chromosome will sort itself
into the daughter cells. This is true for each of
the 23 pairs, so this leads to many possible
combinations.
11. Examples of chromosome mutations can
include the loss of a whole chromosome, or
part of a chromosome, the duplication of a
chromosome, or the movement of a piece of
the chromosome within itself or to another
chromosome. Students might mention fruit fly
mutations here as well.
12. Examples of genetic disorders illustrated in the
text include: Down syndrome and Edwards
syndrome.
Advantages and disadvantages to asexual and sexual reproduction as a strategy
Different methods of asexual reproduction
Different methods of sexual reproduction
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
How are mitosis and meiosis similar?
Can you describe Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokenesis in 10 seconds each? What about 5 seconds each? What about 2?
Don't forget about the final exam on Thursday!
Here is the homework due Wednesday:
Pg 215 # 1 - 5
Pg 223 # 1 - 9
Pg. 233 # 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12-16.
These are the answers to last day's assignments:
Pg 184 # 1-26
1. Cell division is necessary in unicellular organisms
so that these organisms can reproduce
themselves in great numbers.
2. Cell division is necessary in multicellular
organisms for growth and to replace worn-out
cells.
3. The three stages of the cell cycle are interphase,
mitosis, and cytokinesis.
4. Cells are performing the life functions of a cell
during interphase. Digestive system cells will
be making enzymes, retina cells will be performing
chemical reactions so that you are
able to see. In addition, the cell is preparing
for cell division by duplicating organelles.
5. The checkpoint proteins check for the following:
(a) Are there enough nutrients in the cell
to support growth? (b) Is the DNA damaged?
(c) Has the DNA replicated? (d) Have the
chromosomes become attached to the spindle
fibres? (e) Have the chromosomes moved to
the poles in anaphase?
6. If the cell as unable to make the proteins to
form spindle fibres, mitosis could not occur
successfully since the chromosomes would not
be able to attach. The result would be that the
chromosomes would not be equally distributed
between cells.
7. If there is a mutation in a checkpoint protein,
the cell may continue to proceed through the
cell cycle and the result is that the cell may die
or have a mutation.
8. Bacteria grow at an exponential rate through
binary fission and mutations do occur. If a
mutation occurs that allows the bacteria to
become resistant to antibiotics, these bacteria
will survive and multiply.
9. The chart should include the following:
Interphase: Cell carries out the functions necessary
for survival, and if the cell is going to
divide it will prepare for cell division by copying
the DNA and duplicating organelles.
Mitosis: The duplicated chromosomes are
divided into two equal parts.
Cytokinesis: The two nuclei and the contents
of the cell separate into two daughter cells.
10. The chart should include the following:
Prophase: The chromosomes become visible,
and the spindle fibres appear and chromosomes
attach.
Metaphase: The spindle fibres pull the Xshaped
chromosomes into a single line at the
equator.
Anaphase: The spindle fibres contract and
shorten, and the chromatids are pulled to
opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: The spindle fibres disappear, and
the nuclear membrane forms around each set
of chromosomes.
11. The daughter plant cells will remain together
with a cell plate between them, which will
form the cell membrane and cell wall. The
animal cells will pinch completely apart.
12. The major disadvantage of asexual reproduction
is that there is very little variation so all
the offspring are identical. If conditions
change, all of the individuals could die.
13. Three reasons for human-assisted cloning are
to save an endangered species, to mass produce
an organism with a desired trait, or to
correct health problems.
14. Reproductive cloning is also known as adult
DNA cloning, and it is used to duplicate an
entire individual that has a desired trait.
15. Stem cells are cells that are not yet differentiated
to become a specific kind of cell. They
have the potential to become many different
types of cells.
16. Two characteristics of asexual reproduction are
that only one parent is required and all of the
offspring are genetic clones of the parent.
17. The nuclear membrane must disintegrate during
prophase so that the chromosomes are free
to attach to the spindle fibres.
18. (a) These cells are plant cells.
(b) You know that they are plant cells because
there appears to be a cell wall, there is no
centromere for the spindle fibres to attach
to, and the cells remain side by side after
cell division.
(c) The correct sequence is C, A, D, B.
(d) Diagram C shows prophase where the
chromosomes become visible. Diagram A
show metaphase where the chromosomes
are lined up in single file at the equator.
Diagram D shows anaphase where the
chromatids move to opposite poles.
Diagram B shows telophase where the
nuclear membrane forms around the sets
of chromosomes.
19. If the chromosomes do not separate out correctly
during anaphase, the cell will probably
not pass the checkpoints to go through the
rest of the cell cycle. The cell will die, or it
may go unchecked so that one daughter cell
will end up with more chromosomes than the
other daughter cell.
20. Cancer cells spread to a new location when
they break away and move into the bloodstream,
where they may begin to divide and
form a new tumour.
21. The blood vessels branch into the tumour and
deliver nutrients to it, which allows it to grow
even more rapidly.
22. A laboratory technician can identify cancer
cells because these cells have a large abnormal
nucleus since there are extra chromosomes
inside.
23. Only less complex forms of life can reproduce
asexually because lower forms have only a few
types of cells. Higher forms have many types
of specialized cells to form complex tissues.
24. There are concerns about stem cell research
because some people feel it is wrong to
destroy cells that are able to develop into an
individual.
25. To determine the best conditions for reproduction
of an amoeba, the scientist might put
the amoeba in different environments such as
more light, less light, warmer temperatures,
colder temperatures, more acidic, or less
acidic. The conditions that produced the
fastest rate of growth without any mutations
would be the ideal conditions.
p. 194
1. Genetic diversity is the inherited differences in
a population. For example, not everyone in the
classroom is the same height.
2. The function of meiosis is to reduce the chromosome
number so that when the egg and
sperm unite the original number of chromosomes
will not be doubled.
3. (a) The haploid number of chromosomes in
humans is 23.
(b) The diploid number of chromosomes in
humans is 46.
4. Another name for a fertilized egg is a zygote.
5. Homologous chromosomes are a matching
pair of chromosomes that are the same size
and shape. They have genes coding for the
same trait in the same location. (One member
of the pair originally came from the mother’s
egg and the other from the father’s sperm).
Pg 203
1. The number of chromosomes in a human skin
cell is 46 (the diploid number) and in a human
egg cell is 23 (the haploid number).
2. To identify a pair of homologous chromosomes,
you would look for two chromosomes
that have the same size and shape.
3. The benefits of genetic diversity are that
organisms may have new characteristics that
allow them to be better equipped to cope with
changes in the environment. The organism
may gain an advantage over another organism.
4. For a zygote to become an embryo, the cell
must undergo mitosis and cell division.
5. (a) Meiosis II
(b) Meiosis I
(c) Meiosis I
(d) Meiosis I
(e) Meiosis II
6. Cannot be uploaded at this time. Mr. Gill is working on a solution.
7. In meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes
are paired at the equator. In mitosis, the
homologous chromosomes are unpaired and
line up individually at the equator.
8. There is the diploid number (46 chromosomes
in humans) in metaphase of mitosis and the
haploid number (23 chromosomes or 46 chromatids
in humans) in metaphase II of meiosis.
9. In crossing over, parts of non-sister chromatids
exchange information that could create
new characteristics.
10. In independent assortment, there are two possibilities
of how a chromosome will sort itself
into the daughter cells. This is true for each of
the 23 pairs, so this leads to many possible
combinations.
11. Examples of chromosome mutations can
include the loss of a whole chromosome, or
part of a chromosome, the duplication of a
chromosome, or the movement of a piece of
the chromosome within itself or to another
chromosome. Students might mention fruit fly
mutations here as well.
12. Examples of genetic disorders illustrated in the
text include: Down syndrome and Edwards
syndrome.
Monday, July 28, 2008
Day 16 - Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
Keep going, guys! Only 5 days and counting! I just marked the homework, and I must say for the most part it was not very good. Many people seem to be putting in very little effort towards completing all their answers. I want to encourage you to complete all answers. In the event your test and quiz scores are borderline passing, I will be looking at your homework records to judge whether or not you have achieved a good enough understanding to pass. Homework is very important for your studies. DO YOUR HOMEWORK!
Here are the answers to the Chapter 4 Quiz
Chapter 4 Quiz
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. D
12. C
13. F
14. E
15. A
16. B
Here is the homework for tonight:
Pg 194 # 1 - 5
Pg 203 # 1 - 12
Here are the answers to the Chapter 5 Quiz Questions:
Chapter 5 Quiz
1. D
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. D
11. D
12. A
13. F
14. C
15. B
16. E
Here are the answers to the Chapter 4 Quiz
Chapter 4 Quiz
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. D
12. C
13. F
14. E
15. A
16. B
Here is the homework for tonight:
Pg 194 # 1 - 5
Pg 203 # 1 - 12
Here are the answers to the Chapter 5 Quiz Questions:
Chapter 5 Quiz
1. D
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. D
11. D
12. A
13. F
14. C
15. B
16. E
Friday, July 25, 2008
Movies! - Mitosis and Meiosis
Here is a great movie that teaches about Mitosis:
This is a good movie on Meiosis:
And another video on Meiosis:
Hope this helps! Study hard - 5 school days left!
This is a good movie on Meiosis:
And another video on Meiosis:
Hope this helps! Study hard - 5 school days left!
Answers to Unit 3 Test and Assignments from Week 3
Here are the Unit 3 Test answers so you can correct your work.
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. C
11. J
12. H
13. C
14. I
15. D
16. K
17. A
18. G
19. B
20. E
PG 130 # 1 - 5
I wrote in the answer for 6 as I want you to study it, as I taught it in class.
1. The DNA molecule is like a ladder. The sides
are made of sugar and phosphate, and the
steps of the ladder are made of four nitrogen
bases: A (adenine), G (guanine,) C (cytosine,)
and T (thymine).
2. In the DNA molecule, A always joins with T
and G always joins with C. (In a mutation in
DNA, incorrect base pairing may occur).
3. Chromatin is the material inside the nucleus
that contains DNA and proteins. Each strand
of chromatin contains one molecule of DNA.
4. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes or 23
pairs of chromosomes.
5. (a) Genes are small pieces of DNA that store
the information to make a particular protein.
(b) The genes are located at specific places on
the chromosome.
6. In retinal cells and muscle cells, only specific
genes are “read” in each cell and so only specific
proteins are made. Your retinal cells will
read certain genes and make different proteins
than your muscle cells, and different proteins
make your cells function differently.
Pg 135
Checking Concepts
1. (a) The answer is A, the nucleus, since it contains
the genetic material to make proteins.
(b) The answer is B, the Golgi body.
(c) The structure shown in C is the chloroplast,
which traps the energy from the Sun
to make glucose. The structure shown in
D is a mitochondrion, which provides
energy for the cell by changing a sugar
called glucose into usable energy.
2.)
3. The function of genes is to store the information
to make a specific protein.
4. To transport the information for a gene out of
the nucleus, the DNA message for a specific
protein is copied into a small molecule called
ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is small enough
to leave through the nuclear pore of the
nucleus.
5. The ribosomes that manufacture proteins for
transport out of the cell are located on the
endoplasmic reticulum.
6. The function of the Golgi body is to repackage
the protein for transport out of the cell.
7. A. sugar; B. base; C. phosphate
Pg 141
1. The Spirit Bear is white because of a gene
mutation for coat colour.
2. A gene mutation is a change in the specific
order of the A, G, C, and T bases that make
up a gene.
3. Negative mutations are harmful for the organism
and reduce the probability of offspring
being produced or surviving. Neutral mutations
do not have a beneficial or negative
effect on the organism.
4. Viruses cause mutations since viruses cause
genes to be read or copied incorrectly.
5. Three examples of environmental mutagens
are: cigarette smoke, radiation from X rays,
and pollutants. In addition, certain household
chemicals may cause mutations.
Pg 146 Chapter 4 Review
1. The nucleus is like a black box because there
are still unknown processes occurring and we
are not able to see all the activity that is happening
inside the nucleus.
2. DNA is required in every cell because DNA
contains the genes that code for the proteins
the cell requires to perform its functions.
3. The DNA molecule is like a ladder with the
sides of the ladder made of sugar and phosphates
and the steps of the ladder made up of
bases. The bases pair up, with G combining
with C, and A combining with T.
4. The four bases in DNA are A (adenine), G
(guanine), T (thymine), and C (cytosine).
5. The diagram should indicate the sugars and
phosphates on the sides of the ladder and the
bases correctly paired as the steps of the ladder.
6. Some functions of proteins in cells include
enzymes speeding up chemical reactions and
hormones acting as chemical messengers. In
addition, there are structural proteins, such as
the proteins in muscle, and signalling proteins,
such as antibodies.
7. (a) The parts of the cell that are involved in
making a protein for transport out of the
cell include the nucleus, the chromosomes,
the ribosome, vesicle, the endoplasmic
reticulum, the Golgi body, the nuclear
pore, RNA, and the plasma membrane.
(b) The nucleus receives a chemical signal to
make a specific protein. The nucleus contains
the chromosomes, which contain the
DNA. On the DNA are genes that carry
the message to make a particular protein.
The gene message is copied into RNA,
which leaves the nucleus through the
nuclear pores to the ribosomes. The proteins
are made on the ribosomes. If the
ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum, the proteins that are made
travel through the channels in the
endoplasmic reticulum and leave the
endoplasmic reticulum in vesicles. The
vesicles carry the protein to the Golgi body
where it is repackaged. Vesicles leave the
Golgi body and carry the proteins to the
cell membrane for export out of the cell.
8. The correct sequence of DNA bases is important
because, if the base sequence is incorrect,
then the correct protein will not be made or
the protein that is made will not work correctly.
The cell will be unable to do its job
well if the proteins are not working correctly.
9. The three types of gene mutation are: (a) substitution,
where one base is put in instead of
another; (b) deletion, in which a base is
removed from the sequence; and (c) insertion,
where an additional base is put into the
sequence. Substitution is the least harmful as
the same protein may be made. In deletion
and addition, a nonsense message is created
and the correct protein will not be made.
10. Gene mutations are caused by errors in the
DNA. They can be caused by mutagens, such
as viruses, cigarette smoke, radiation from X
rays and ultraviolet light, and various kinds of
chemicals in the environment. (In the next
chapter, students will learn that mutations can
also occur during mitosis and meiosis when
the DNA is getting copied.)
11. The sequence would be TGACAACA.
12. The sequence is e, a, i, c, f, h, b, d, g.
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. C
11. J
12. H
13. C
14. I
15. D
16. K
17. A
18. G
19. B
20. E
Chapter 4 Quiz
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. D
12. C
13. F
14. E
15. A
16. B
Here are answers to some of this weeks Assignments
p. 124
1. The cell membrane separates the inside of a
cell from the outside and controls the flow of
materials in and out of the cell.
2. The cell wall is a tough, rigid structure found
in plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane.
3. An organelle is a specialized cell part that carries
out a specific function within a cell.
4. The mitochondria change the sugar glucose
into energy that the cell can use.
5. Ribosomes are the sites where proteins are
made within the cell. They can be within the
cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum.
6. After proteins are made on the endoplasmic
reticulum, they travel in vesicles to the Golgi
body for further processing and packaging.
7. The function of the nucleolus is to make ribosomes.
PG 130 # 1 - 5
I wrote in the answer for 6 as I want you to study it, as I taught it in class.
1. The DNA molecule is like a ladder. The sides
are made of sugar and phosphate, and the
steps of the ladder are made of four nitrogen
bases: A (adenine), G (guanine,) C (cytosine,)
and T (thymine).
2. In the DNA molecule, A always joins with T
and G always joins with C. (In a mutation in
DNA, incorrect base pairing may occur).
3. Chromatin is the material inside the nucleus
that contains DNA and proteins. Each strand
of chromatin contains one molecule of DNA.
4. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes or 23
pairs of chromosomes.
5. (a) Genes are small pieces of DNA that store
the information to make a particular protein.
(b) The genes are located at specific places on
the chromosome.
6. In retinal cells and muscle cells, only specific
genes are “read” in each cell and so only specific
proteins are made. Your retinal cells will
read certain genes and make different proteins
than your muscle cells, and different proteins
make your cells function differently.
Pg 135
Checking Concepts
1. (a) The answer is A, the nucleus, since it contains
the genetic material to make proteins.
(b) The answer is B, the Golgi body.
(c) The structure shown in C is the chloroplast,
which traps the energy from the Sun
to make glucose. The structure shown in
D is a mitochondrion, which provides
energy for the cell by changing a sugar
called glucose into usable energy.
2.)
3. The function of genes is to store the information
to make a specific protein.
4. To transport the information for a gene out of
the nucleus, the DNA message for a specific
protein is copied into a small molecule called
ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is small enough
to leave through the nuclear pore of the
nucleus.
5. The ribosomes that manufacture proteins for
transport out of the cell are located on the
endoplasmic reticulum.
6. The function of the Golgi body is to repackage
the protein for transport out of the cell.
7. A. sugar; B. base; C. phosphate
Pg 141
1. The Spirit Bear is white because of a gene
mutation for coat colour.
2. A gene mutation is a change in the specific
order of the A, G, C, and T bases that make
up a gene.
3. Negative mutations are harmful for the organism
and reduce the probability of offspring
being produced or surviving. Neutral mutations
do not have a beneficial or negative
effect on the organism.
4. Viruses cause mutations since viruses cause
genes to be read or copied incorrectly.
5. Three examples of environmental mutagens
are: cigarette smoke, radiation from X rays,
and pollutants. In addition, certain household
chemicals may cause mutations.
Pg 146 Chapter 4 Review
1. The nucleus is like a black box because there
are still unknown processes occurring and we
are not able to see all the activity that is happening
inside the nucleus.
2. DNA is required in every cell because DNA
contains the genes that code for the proteins
the cell requires to perform its functions.
3. The DNA molecule is like a ladder with the
sides of the ladder made of sugar and phosphates
and the steps of the ladder made up of
bases. The bases pair up, with G combining
with C, and A combining with T.
4. The four bases in DNA are A (adenine), G
(guanine), T (thymine), and C (cytosine).
5. The diagram should indicate the sugars and
phosphates on the sides of the ladder and the
bases correctly paired as the steps of the ladder.
6. Some functions of proteins in cells include
enzymes speeding up chemical reactions and
hormones acting as chemical messengers. In
addition, there are structural proteins, such as
the proteins in muscle, and signalling proteins,
such as antibodies.
7. (a) The parts of the cell that are involved in
making a protein for transport out of the
cell include the nucleus, the chromosomes,
the ribosome, vesicle, the endoplasmic
reticulum, the Golgi body, the nuclear
pore, RNA, and the plasma membrane.
(b) The nucleus receives a chemical signal to
make a specific protein. The nucleus contains
the chromosomes, which contain the
DNA. On the DNA are genes that carry
the message to make a particular protein.
The gene message is copied into RNA,
which leaves the nucleus through the
nuclear pores to the ribosomes. The proteins
are made on the ribosomes. If the
ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum, the proteins that are made
travel through the channels in the
endoplasmic reticulum and leave the
endoplasmic reticulum in vesicles. The
vesicles carry the protein to the Golgi body
where it is repackaged. Vesicles leave the
Golgi body and carry the proteins to the
cell membrane for export out of the cell.
8. The correct sequence of DNA bases is important
because, if the base sequence is incorrect,
then the correct protein will not be made or
the protein that is made will not work correctly.
The cell will be unable to do its job
well if the proteins are not working correctly.
9. The three types of gene mutation are: (a) substitution,
where one base is put in instead of
another; (b) deletion, in which a base is
removed from the sequence; and (c) insertion,
where an additional base is put into the
sequence. Substitution is the least harmful as
the same protein may be made. In deletion
and addition, a nonsense message is created
and the correct protein will not be made.
10. Gene mutations are caused by errors in the
DNA. They can be caused by mutagens, such
as viruses, cigarette smoke, radiation from X
rays and ultraviolet light, and various kinds of
chemicals in the environment. (In the next
chapter, students will learn that mutations can
also occur during mitosis and meiosis when
the DNA is getting copied.)
11. The sequence would be TGACAACA.
12. The sequence is e, a, i, c, f, h, b, d, g.
Day 15 - Cell Reproduction - Mitosis and Mieosis
Friday July 24th.
Here we are on the last big push!
This weekend I want to encourage all students to study chapter 5 for their quiz on Monday. They should also be reviewing their chapter quizes and assignments, as well as their unit tests for the final exam Thursday.
We will first hand back and enter results from the worksheet on Ohm's law to close out our work on Electricity. We will then go over the results for the Unit 1 test, and go over the individual answers. This is important as I will be using Unit Tests and Chapter Quizzes to create the bulk of the questions for the Comprehensive Final Exam. Today we will be going over and answering one at a time the questions from the chapter review on page 184, questions # 1-10. The students will then complete Chapter 5 Review on Pg 184 - # 11 - 26 as their ticket out the door. This will be crucial for them to succeed on the Chapter 5 quiz on Monday.
This is a good online description and quiz of mitosis and meiosis.
Here is a great video on Mitosis
And this is Meiosis. How are these two processes similar? Can you find some differences between the two?
Here is how next week looks:
Monday -Chapter 5 Quiz complete work on chapter 6
Tuesday - Mark work on Chapter 6 and prepare for Unit Test on Biology
Wednesday - Unit Test on Biology - Prepare for Final Exam
Thursday - Final Exam - Begin Astronomy (2 assignments likely)
Friday Finish Astronomy and hand in.
These are the assignments due Monday
Here we are on the last big push!
This weekend I want to encourage all students to study chapter 5 for their quiz on Monday. They should also be reviewing their chapter quizes and assignments, as well as their unit tests for the final exam Thursday.
We will first hand back and enter results from the worksheet on Ohm's law to close out our work on Electricity. We will then go over the results for the Unit 1 test, and go over the individual answers. This is important as I will be using Unit Tests and Chapter Quizzes to create the bulk of the questions for the Comprehensive Final Exam. Today we will be going over and answering one at a time the questions from the chapter review on page 184, questions # 1-10. The students will then complete Chapter 5 Review on Pg 184 - # 11 - 26 as their ticket out the door. This will be crucial for them to succeed on the Chapter 5 quiz on Monday.
This is a good online description and quiz of mitosis and meiosis.
Here is a great video on Mitosis
And this is Meiosis. How are these two processes similar? Can you find some differences between the two?
Here is how next week looks:
Monday -Chapter 5 Quiz complete work on chapter 6
Tuesday - Mark work on Chapter 6 and prepare for Unit Test on Biology
Wednesday - Unit Test on Biology - Prepare for Final Exam
Thursday - Final Exam - Begin Astronomy (2 assignments likely)
Friday Finish Astronomy and hand in.
These are the assignments due Monday
Thursday, July 24, 2008
Day 14 - Where'd you get those great Genes?!?!
Today we will be marking as a class:
First we will exchange and mark papers on Ohm's law. Then, we will be writing a Unit Test on Electricity. Mr. Gill will be marking it and returning it the next day. Our Biology lesson today will consist of returning and discussing correct answers from pg 124. We will then be marking our own work. We will choose select questions from the chapter review on pg 146 to mark as a class, and students will use their own judgement to decide whether or not a question is correct, partially correct, or incorrect. I will then collect these assignments from pg 146.
BLM 3-21, Ohm’s Law
1. 9.6 Ω
2. 1.3 A
3. 9.0 V
4. 0.75 A
5. 15 V
6. 30 Ω
7. (a) 5.0 A
(b) 2.5 A
8. 7.5 V
In a nutshell, Mitosis is the way cells reproduce themselves - there is no change in the total number of chromosomes at the end of this cell reproduction. Just think what would happen if we couldn't make new cells - we would never heal from even minor injuries, and we would have a really short lifespan!
Mitosis has some key concepts - Early and Late Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Like much of biology, you have to learn the vocabulary to understand what is happening. I will be assigning pages
p. 161 - 1-5
p. 165 # 1-6 (pay very close attention to #6)
PG 184 #1- 10 from the Chapter Review.
Hint for Chapter 4 Quiz - One of the questions asks: "Which of the following organelles does not have a membrane?"
Reading Check Answers, p. 130
1. The DNA molecule is like a ladder. The sides
are made of sugar and phosphate, and the
steps of the ladder are made of four nitrogen
bases: A (adenine), G (guanine,) C (cytosine,)
and T (thymine).
2. In the DNA molecule, A always joins with T
and G always joins with C. (In a mutation in
DNA, incorrect base pairing may occur).
3. Chromatin is the material inside the nucleus
that contains DNA and proteins. Each strand
of chromatin contains one molecule of DNA.
4. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes or 23
pairs of chromosomes.
5. (a) Genes are small pieces of DNA that store
the information to make a particular protein.
(b) The genes are located at specific places on
the chromosome.
6. In retinal cells and muscle cells, only specific
genes are “read” in each cell and so only specific
proteins are made. Your retinal cells will
read certain genes and make different proteins
than your muscle cells, and different proteins
make your cells function differently.
Pg 146 # 1- 21
Checking Concepts
1. The nucleus is like a black box because there
are still unknown processes occurring and we
are not able to see all the activity that is happening
inside the nucleus.
2. DNA is required in every cell because DNA
contains the genes that code for the proteins
the cell requires to perform its functions.
3. The DNA molecule is like a ladder with the
sides of the ladder made of sugar and phosphates
and the steps of the ladder made up of
bases. The bases pair up, with G combining
with C, and A combining with T.
4. The four bases in DNA are A (adenine), G
(guanine), T (thymine), and C (cytosine).
5. The diagram should indicate the sugars and
phosphates on the sides of the ladder and the
bases correctly paired as the steps of the ladder.
6. Some functions of proteins in cells include
enzymes speeding up chemical reactions and
hormones acting as chemical messengers. In
addition, there are structural proteins, such as
the proteins in muscle, and signalling proteins,
such as antibodies.
7. (a) The parts of the cell that are involved in
making a protein for transport out of the
cell include the nucleus, the chromosomes,
the ribosome, vesicle, the endoplasmic
reticulum, the Golgi body, the nuclear
pore, RNA, and the plasma membrane.
(b) The nucleus receives a chemical signal to
make a specific protein. The nucleus contains
the chromosomes, which contain the
DNA. On the DNA are genes that carry
the message to make a particular protein.
The gene message is copied into RNA,
which leaves the nucleus through the
nuclear pores to the ribosomes. The proteins
are made on the ribosomes. If the
ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum, the proteins that are made
travel through the channels in the
endoplasmic reticulum and leave the
endoplasmic reticulum in vesicles. The
vesicles carry the protein to the Golgi body
where it is repackaged. Vesicles leave the
Golgi body and carry the proteins to the
cell membrane for export out of the cell.
8. The correct sequence of DNA bases is important
because, if the base sequence is incorrect,
then the correct protein will not be made or
the protein that is made will not work correctly.
The cell will be unable to do its job
well if the proteins are not working correctly.
9. The three types of gene mutation are: (a) substitution,
where one base is put in instead of
another; (b) deletion, in which a base is
removed from the sequence; and (c) insertion,
where an additional base is put into the
sequence. Substitution is the least harmful as
the same protein may be made. In deletion
and addition, a nonsense message is created
and the correct protein will not be made.
10. Gene mutations are caused by errors in the
DNA. They can be caused by mutagens, such
as viruses, cigarette smoke, radiation from X
rays and ultraviolet light, and various kinds of
chemicals in the environment. (In the next
chapter, students will learn that mutations can
also occur during mitosis and meiosis when
the DNA is getting copied.)
11. The sequence would be TGACAACA.
12. The sequence is e, a, i, c, f, h, b, d, g.
Understanding Key Ideas
13. To ensure the Spirit Bear does not become
extinct, the provincial government has limited
logging in the Great Bear Rainforest so that
the bear’s habitat is not destroyed.
14. Although there are only four bases, there are
many possible combinations of the sequences
of A, G, C, and T bases, so there are thousands
of possible messages to code for different
proteins.
15. The amount of DNA in a skin cell and the
amount of DNA is a muscle cell would be the
same because the DNA within each body cell
is identical.
16. DNA directs a cell to have a particular function
when messages are sent to the nucleus of
a cell to read certain genes and make specific
proteins. The proteins that are made and function
in that cell will determine if the cell is a
muscle cell or a stomach cell.
17. The number of chromosomes in an animal cell
or plant cell does not reflect how advanced the
organism is. Many plants have very large numbers
of chromosomes. Some amoeba have 40
or more chromosomes. A butterfly has 80
chromosomes, while humans have 46.
Chickens have 78 chromosomes. Scientists
have found that some DNA is very repetitive
in organisms.
18. If the nucleolus of a cell did not perform its
function, then ribosomes would not be made.
If ribosomes could not be made, then proteins
could not be made. The cell would not be able
to function and would die.
19. Gene therapy is still experimental, and there
are obstacles that must be overcome for gene
therapy to be successful. First, the healthy
genes must be able to enter the target cells.
Then, the healthy genes must be able to be
turned on to make the healthy proteins and
turned off when sufficient amounts of the protein
are made. During gene therapy, other
non-targeted cells may be affected, which may
cause complications.
20. Occupations that could pose greater risks of
mutations include: (a) pilots because they are
exposed to a lot of cosmic radiation; (b) construction
workers, because they are exposed to
a lot of dust and chemicals and sunlight; (c)
firefighters because they are exposed to many
toxic substances; (d) dry cleaners because they
are exposed to chemicals used to clean garments;
(e) bartenders because they are exposed
to smoke in bars; (f) farmers, because of their
exposure to pesticides and fertilizers and ultraviolet
light. Accept other possible answers, and
discuss the importance of following proper
safety precautions when working in the public
or using chemicals at home.
21. (a) The amounts of A and T are the same for
each type of cell since A pairs with T, so, if
there are 180 000 adenine bases in a piece
of DNA, the DNA should contain 180 000
thymine bases.
(b) The amount of bases is different because
these are different organisms. However,
the percentage of A=T and G=C should be
the same.
(c) The human liver and human heart sample
have the same number of chromosomes
First we will exchange and mark papers on Ohm's law. Then, we will be writing a Unit Test on Electricity. Mr. Gill will be marking it and returning it the next day. Our Biology lesson today will consist of returning and discussing correct answers from pg 124. We will then be marking our own work. We will choose select questions from the chapter review on pg 146 to mark as a class, and students will use their own judgement to decide whether or not a question is correct, partially correct, or incorrect. I will then collect these assignments from pg 146.
BLM 3-21, Ohm’s Law
1. 9.6 Ω
2. 1.3 A
3. 9.0 V
4. 0.75 A
5. 15 V
6. 30 Ω
7. (a) 5.0 A
(b) 2.5 A
8. 7.5 V
In a nutshell, Mitosis is the way cells reproduce themselves - there is no change in the total number of chromosomes at the end of this cell reproduction. Just think what would happen if we couldn't make new cells - we would never heal from even minor injuries, and we would have a really short lifespan!
Mitosis has some key concepts - Early and Late Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. Like much of biology, you have to learn the vocabulary to understand what is happening. I will be assigning pages
p. 161 - 1-5
p. 165 # 1-6 (pay very close attention to #6)
PG 184 #1- 10 from the Chapter Review.
Hint for Chapter 4 Quiz - One of the questions asks: "Which of the following organelles does not have a membrane?"
Reading Check Answers, p. 130
1. The DNA molecule is like a ladder. The sides
are made of sugar and phosphate, and the
steps of the ladder are made of four nitrogen
bases: A (adenine), G (guanine,) C (cytosine,)
and T (thymine).
2. In the DNA molecule, A always joins with T
and G always joins with C. (In a mutation in
DNA, incorrect base pairing may occur).
3. Chromatin is the material inside the nucleus
that contains DNA and proteins. Each strand
of chromatin contains one molecule of DNA.
4. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes or 23
pairs of chromosomes.
5. (a) Genes are small pieces of DNA that store
the information to make a particular protein.
(b) The genes are located at specific places on
the chromosome.
6. In retinal cells and muscle cells, only specific
genes are “read” in each cell and so only specific
proteins are made. Your retinal cells will
read certain genes and make different proteins
than your muscle cells, and different proteins
make your cells function differently.
Pg 146 # 1- 21
Checking Concepts
1. The nucleus is like a black box because there
are still unknown processes occurring and we
are not able to see all the activity that is happening
inside the nucleus.
2. DNA is required in every cell because DNA
contains the genes that code for the proteins
the cell requires to perform its functions.
3. The DNA molecule is like a ladder with the
sides of the ladder made of sugar and phosphates
and the steps of the ladder made up of
bases. The bases pair up, with G combining
with C, and A combining with T.
4. The four bases in DNA are A (adenine), G
(guanine), T (thymine), and C (cytosine).
5. The diagram should indicate the sugars and
phosphates on the sides of the ladder and the
bases correctly paired as the steps of the ladder.
6. Some functions of proteins in cells include
enzymes speeding up chemical reactions and
hormones acting as chemical messengers. In
addition, there are structural proteins, such as
the proteins in muscle, and signalling proteins,
such as antibodies.
7. (a) The parts of the cell that are involved in
making a protein for transport out of the
cell include the nucleus, the chromosomes,
the ribosome, vesicle, the endoplasmic
reticulum, the Golgi body, the nuclear
pore, RNA, and the plasma membrane.
(b) The nucleus receives a chemical signal to
make a specific protein. The nucleus contains
the chromosomes, which contain the
DNA. On the DNA are genes that carry
the message to make a particular protein.
The gene message is copied into RNA,
which leaves the nucleus through the
nuclear pores to the ribosomes. The proteins
are made on the ribosomes. If the
ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum, the proteins that are made
travel through the channels in the
endoplasmic reticulum and leave the
endoplasmic reticulum in vesicles. The
vesicles carry the protein to the Golgi body
where it is repackaged. Vesicles leave the
Golgi body and carry the proteins to the
cell membrane for export out of the cell.
8. The correct sequence of DNA bases is important
because, if the base sequence is incorrect,
then the correct protein will not be made or
the protein that is made will not work correctly.
The cell will be unable to do its job
well if the proteins are not working correctly.
9. The three types of gene mutation are: (a) substitution,
where one base is put in instead of
another; (b) deletion, in which a base is
removed from the sequence; and (c) insertion,
where an additional base is put into the
sequence. Substitution is the least harmful as
the same protein may be made. In deletion
and addition, a nonsense message is created
and the correct protein will not be made.
10. Gene mutations are caused by errors in the
DNA. They can be caused by mutagens, such
as viruses, cigarette smoke, radiation from X
rays and ultraviolet light, and various kinds of
chemicals in the environment. (In the next
chapter, students will learn that mutations can
also occur during mitosis and meiosis when
the DNA is getting copied.)
11. The sequence would be TGACAACA.
12. The sequence is e, a, i, c, f, h, b, d, g.
Understanding Key Ideas
13. To ensure the Spirit Bear does not become
extinct, the provincial government has limited
logging in the Great Bear Rainforest so that
the bear’s habitat is not destroyed.
14. Although there are only four bases, there are
many possible combinations of the sequences
of A, G, C, and T bases, so there are thousands
of possible messages to code for different
proteins.
15. The amount of DNA in a skin cell and the
amount of DNA is a muscle cell would be the
same because the DNA within each body cell
is identical.
16. DNA directs a cell to have a particular function
when messages are sent to the nucleus of
a cell to read certain genes and make specific
proteins. The proteins that are made and function
in that cell will determine if the cell is a
muscle cell or a stomach cell.
17. The number of chromosomes in an animal cell
or plant cell does not reflect how advanced the
organism is. Many plants have very large numbers
of chromosomes. Some amoeba have 40
or more chromosomes. A butterfly has 80
chromosomes, while humans have 46.
Chickens have 78 chromosomes. Scientists
have found that some DNA is very repetitive
in organisms.
18. If the nucleolus of a cell did not perform its
function, then ribosomes would not be made.
If ribosomes could not be made, then proteins
could not be made. The cell would not be able
to function and would die.
19. Gene therapy is still experimental, and there
are obstacles that must be overcome for gene
therapy to be successful. First, the healthy
genes must be able to enter the target cells.
Then, the healthy genes must be able to be
turned on to make the healthy proteins and
turned off when sufficient amounts of the protein
are made. During gene therapy, other
non-targeted cells may be affected, which may
cause complications.
20. Occupations that could pose greater risks of
mutations include: (a) pilots because they are
exposed to a lot of cosmic radiation; (b) construction
workers, because they are exposed to
a lot of dust and chemicals and sunlight; (c)
firefighters because they are exposed to many
toxic substances; (d) dry cleaners because they
are exposed to chemicals used to clean garments;
(e) bartenders because they are exposed
to smoke in bars; (f) farmers, because of their
exposure to pesticides and fertilizers and ultraviolet
light. Accept other possible answers, and
discuss the importance of following proper
safety precautions when working in the public
or using chemicals at home.
21. (a) The amounts of A and T are the same for
each type of cell since A pairs with T, so, if
there are 180 000 adenine bases in a piece
of DNA, the DNA should contain 180 000
thymine bases.
(b) The amount of bases is different because
these are different organisms. However,
the percentage of A=T and G=C should be
the same.
(c) The human liver and human heart sample
have the same number of chromosomes
Wednesday, July 23, 2008
Day 13
Today we reviewed:
- The parts of animal and plant cells
- How DNA contains information and forms patterns in base pairs
- What mutations are, and how there are different kinds of mutations
-That mutations can be positive, negative, or neutral.
Today's Homework is:
Pg 130 # 1 - 5
Pg 135 # 1 - 6
Chapter review Pg 146# 1 - 21
Also, students will be preparing for the Unit 3 test on Electricity for Thursday. You will be permitted 1 single sided sheet of paper to take into the test and use as a cheat sheet.
For Friday's chapter 4 quiz on cells - all the "Matching Answers" are on page 122-124. Most of them were covered in the homework on page 124 # 1-7 which we just handed in.
Yesterday's Work:
Pg 330 # 1 - 21
1. A series circuit contains only one pathway,
whereas a parallel circuit contains more than
one pathway.
2. The current through the second resistor is the
same as the current through the first resistor.
3. The total voltage lost on the three resistors
would be 6.0 V.
4. (a) Increases
(b) Decreases
5. The voltage is the same on both of the
resistors.
TR 3-50 MHR • Characteristics of Electricity
6. (a) The total current leaving the junction
point must equal the current entering the
junction point.
(b) The current in the two pathways will be
different.
7. (a) Power is the rate at which energy is transformed.
(b) Power is measured in watts (W).
8. Power is the product of voltage and current:
P = VI.
9. (a) Electrical energy is measured in joules (J)
and kilowatt-hours (kW•h).
(b) The kilowatt-hour is a larger unit.
10. Energy is the product of power and time:
E = Pt.
11. (a) The second bulb goes out.
(b) The result would be different if the bulbs
were connected in parallel. Even if one
bulb “burns out,” there is still a pathway
for current through the second bulb and
therefore it would stay lit.
12. (a) Students’ answers may vary but could
include a car racetrack or a single-lane
bridge.
(b) Students’ answers may vary but could
include multiple checkouts at the supermarket
or entering a bus by two different
doors.
13. (a) The resistors are connected in parallel.
Electrons leaving the battery have two
pathways to return to the battery.
(b) The resistors are connected in series.
Electrons leaving the battery must travel
through both resistors in order to return to
the battery.
14. V1 = 5.0 V, A1 = 2.0 A
15. (a) The current would decrease because
adding another resistor in series increases
the total resistance of the circuit.
(b) The current would increase because adding
another resistor in parallel decreases the
total resistance of the circuit.
16. V1 = 6.0 V, A1 = 2.0 A
17. 144 W
18. 10 A
19. 18 W
20. Lamp 1 = 27 W, Lamp 2 = 18 W
21. Light bulb, hair dryer, microwave oven
BLM 3-23, Practising Calculating Resistance
1. R = 3600 Ω or 3.6 × 103 Ω
2. I = 0.48 A or 4.8 × 10-1 A
3. V = 9.0 V
4. I = 18.3 A or 1.83 × 10-1 A
5. 3.0 Ω
6. 11 Ω
7. 220 Ω or 2.20 × 102 Ω
8. 0.30 A or 3.0 × 10-1 A
9. 4 × 10-4 A 0.0004 A or 0.04 A or 0.04 mA
10. 120 V or 1.20 × 102 V
BLM 3-28, Series Circuits
1. only one
2. equal to
3. different from
4. increases
5. equal to
6. Voltage = 10 V, current = 3.0 A
7. Voltage = 12 V, current = 4.0 A
BLM 3-29, Parallel Circuits
1. more than one
2. different from
3. equal to
4. decreases
5. equal to
6. Voltage = 12 V, current = 6.0 A
7. Voltage = 90 V, current = 1.0 A
- The parts of animal and plant cells
- How DNA contains information and forms patterns in base pairs
- What mutations are, and how there are different kinds of mutations
-That mutations can be positive, negative, or neutral.
Today's Homework is:
Pg 130 # 1 - 5
Pg 135 # 1 - 6
Chapter review Pg 146# 1 - 21
Also, students will be preparing for the Unit 3 test on Electricity for Thursday. You will be permitted 1 single sided sheet of paper to take into the test and use as a cheat sheet.
For Friday's chapter 4 quiz on cells - all the "Matching Answers" are on page 122-124. Most of them were covered in the homework on page 124 # 1-7 which we just handed in.
Yesterday's Work:
Pg 330 # 1 - 21
1. A series circuit contains only one pathway,
whereas a parallel circuit contains more than
one pathway.
2. The current through the second resistor is the
same as the current through the first resistor.
3. The total voltage lost on the three resistors
would be 6.0 V.
4. (a) Increases
(b) Decreases
5. The voltage is the same on both of the
resistors.
TR 3-50 MHR • Characteristics of Electricity
6. (a) The total current leaving the junction
point must equal the current entering the
junction point.
(b) The current in the two pathways will be
different.
7. (a) Power is the rate at which energy is transformed.
(b) Power is measured in watts (W).
8. Power is the product of voltage and current:
P = VI.
9. (a) Electrical energy is measured in joules (J)
and kilowatt-hours (kW•h).
(b) The kilowatt-hour is a larger unit.
10. Energy is the product of power and time:
E = Pt.
11. (a) The second bulb goes out.
(b) The result would be different if the bulbs
were connected in parallel. Even if one
bulb “burns out,” there is still a pathway
for current through the second bulb and
therefore it would stay lit.
12. (a) Students’ answers may vary but could
include a car racetrack or a single-lane
bridge.
(b) Students’ answers may vary but could
include multiple checkouts at the supermarket
or entering a bus by two different
doors.
13. (a) The resistors are connected in parallel.
Electrons leaving the battery have two
pathways to return to the battery.
(b) The resistors are connected in series.
Electrons leaving the battery must travel
through both resistors in order to return to
the battery.
14. V1 = 5.0 V, A1 = 2.0 A
15. (a) The current would decrease because
adding another resistor in series increases
the total resistance of the circuit.
(b) The current would increase because adding
another resistor in parallel decreases the
total resistance of the circuit.
16. V1 = 6.0 V, A1 = 2.0 A
17. 144 W
18. 10 A
19. 18 W
20. Lamp 1 = 27 W, Lamp 2 = 18 W
21. Light bulb, hair dryer, microwave oven
BLM 3-23, Practising Calculating Resistance
1. R = 3600 Ω or 3.6 × 103 Ω
2. I = 0.48 A or 4.8 × 10-1 A
3. V = 9.0 V
4. I = 18.3 A or 1.83 × 10-1 A
5. 3.0 Ω
6. 11 Ω
7. 220 Ω or 2.20 × 102 Ω
8. 0.30 A or 3.0 × 10-1 A
9. 4 × 10-4 A 0.0004 A or 0.04 A or 0.04 mA
10. 120 V or 1.20 × 102 V
BLM 3-28, Series Circuits
1. only one
2. equal to
3. different from
4. increases
5. equal to
6. Voltage = 10 V, current = 3.0 A
7. Voltage = 12 V, current = 4.0 A
BLM 3-29, Parallel Circuits
1. more than one
2. different from
3. equal to
4. decreases
5. equal to
6. Voltage = 12 V, current = 6.0 A
7. Voltage = 90 V, current = 1.0 A
Tuesday, July 22, 2008
Day 12 - Electrical Power and Electrical Energy Consumption
Today we went over the answers to pg 125 in detail on the board. Students were then offered the chance to ask questions about their homework before submitting it. Before doing seatwork, a number of students who didn't pass the Chapter 8 quiz needed to re-take it.
Then we did some more complex practice of Ohm's law, and the rules and calculations of Current, Resistance, and Voltage in parallel and series circuits. Finally we went over two more formulae;
1.) Power (Watts) = Voltage X Current (P =VI)
2.) Electrical Consumption (in Joules ) = Power (Watts) X time (in seconds)
E = Pt
Remember to use the right units, i.e. convert time from minutes or hours into seconds, and on the Chapter 9 Quiz tomorrow (Wednesday), make sure you include the correct units of measure in your answer (volts, watts, amps, etc.).
Today's homework:
Pg 124 #1-7
Worksheet- 3-18
Worksheet- 3-21
Worksheet- 3-23
Worksheet- 3-28
Worksheet- 3-29
Answers
Pg 313 # 1-6
1. A circuit that contains more than one pathway
is called a parallel circuit.
2. When two loads are connected in parallel, the
voltage across each load will be equal.
3. When two loads are connected in parallel, the
current through each load does not have to be
equal.
4. A junction point is the location in a circuit
where the circuit branches into more pathways
or where pathways rejoin.
5. The current entering a junction point must
equal the current leaving the same junction
point.
6. When you add a resistor in parallel to an existing
resistor, the total resistance of the circuit
decreases.
Pg 319 # 1 - 7
1. A parallel circuit contains more than one pathway
for electrons to travel. A series circuit has
only one pathway for electrons to travel.
2. The sum of the voltages lost on each load is
equal to the voltage supplied by the battery.
3. When another resistor is added in series, the
total resistance of the circuit increases.
4. When another resistor is added in parallel, the
total resistance of the circuit decreases.
5. The voltage across the two resistors must be
the same as the battery voltage.
6. The current in one branch of a parallel circuit
is less than the total current entering the junction
point of the circuit.
7. (a) 2.0 A
(b) 6.0 V
Pg 330 # 1-21 Checking Concepts
1. A series circuit contains only one pathway,
whereas a parallel circuit contains more than
one pathway.
2. The current through the second resistor is the
same as the current through the first resistor.
3. The total voltage lost on the three resistors
would be 6.0 V.
4. (a) Increases
(b) Decreases
5. The voltage is the same on both of the
resistors.
6. (a) The total current leaving the junction
point must equal the current entering the
junction point.
(b) The current in the two pathways will be
different.
7. (a) Power is the rate at which energy is transformed.
(b) Power is measured in watts (W).
8. Power is the product of voltage and current:
P = VI.
9. (a) Electrical energy is measured in joules (J)
and kilowatt-hours (kW•h).
(b) The kilowatt-hour is a larger unit.
10. Energy is the product of power and time:
E = Pt.
11. (a) The second bulb goes out.
(b) The result would be different if the bulbs
were connected in parallel. Even if one
bulb “burns out,” there is still a pathway
for current through the second bulb and
therefore it would stay lit.
12. (a) Students’ answers may vary but could
include a car racetrack or a single-lane
bridge.
(b) Students’ answers may vary but could
include multiple checkouts at the supermarket
or entering a bus by two different
doors.
13. (a) The resistors are connected in parallel.
Electrons leaving the battery have two
pathways to return to the battery.
(b) The resistors are connected in series.
Electrons leaving the battery must travel
through both resistors in order to return to
the battery.
14. V1 = 5.0 V, A1 = 2.0 A
15. (a) The current would decrease because
adding another resistor in series increases
the total resistance of the circuit.
(b) The current would increase because adding
another resistor in parallel decreases the
total resistance of the circuit.
16. V1 = 6.0 V, A1 = 2.0 A
17. 144 W
18. 10 A
19. 18 W
20. Lamp 1 = 27 W, Lamp 2 = 18 W
21. Light bulb, hair dryer, microwave oven
Then we did some more complex practice of Ohm's law, and the rules and calculations of Current, Resistance, and Voltage in parallel and series circuits. Finally we went over two more formulae;
1.) Power (Watts) = Voltage X Current (P =VI)
2.) Electrical Consumption (in Joules ) = Power (Watts) X time (in seconds)
E = Pt
Remember to use the right units, i.e. convert time from minutes or hours into seconds, and on the Chapter 9 Quiz tomorrow (Wednesday), make sure you include the correct units of measure in your answer (volts, watts, amps, etc.).
Today's homework:
Pg 124 #1-7
Worksheet- 3-18
Worksheet- 3-21
Worksheet- 3-23
Worksheet- 3-28
Worksheet- 3-29
Answers
Pg 313 # 1-6
1. A circuit that contains more than one pathway
is called a parallel circuit.
2. When two loads are connected in parallel, the
voltage across each load will be equal.
3. When two loads are connected in parallel, the
current through each load does not have to be
equal.
4. A junction point is the location in a circuit
where the circuit branches into more pathways
or where pathways rejoin.
5. The current entering a junction point must
equal the current leaving the same junction
point.
6. When you add a resistor in parallel to an existing
resistor, the total resistance of the circuit
decreases.
Pg 319 # 1 - 7
1. A parallel circuit contains more than one pathway
for electrons to travel. A series circuit has
only one pathway for electrons to travel.
2. The sum of the voltages lost on each load is
equal to the voltage supplied by the battery.
3. When another resistor is added in series, the
total resistance of the circuit increases.
4. When another resistor is added in parallel, the
total resistance of the circuit decreases.
5. The voltage across the two resistors must be
the same as the battery voltage.
6. The current in one branch of a parallel circuit
is less than the total current entering the junction
point of the circuit.
7. (a) 2.0 A
(b) 6.0 V
Pg 330 # 1-21 Checking Concepts
1. A series circuit contains only one pathway,
whereas a parallel circuit contains more than
one pathway.
2. The current through the second resistor is the
same as the current through the first resistor.
3. The total voltage lost on the three resistors
would be 6.0 V.
4. (a) Increases
(b) Decreases
5. The voltage is the same on both of the
resistors.
6. (a) The total current leaving the junction
point must equal the current entering the
junction point.
(b) The current in the two pathways will be
different.
7. (a) Power is the rate at which energy is transformed.
(b) Power is measured in watts (W).
8. Power is the product of voltage and current:
P = VI.
9. (a) Electrical energy is measured in joules (J)
and kilowatt-hours (kW•h).
(b) The kilowatt-hour is a larger unit.
10. Energy is the product of power and time:
E = Pt.
11. (a) The second bulb goes out.
(b) The result would be different if the bulbs
were connected in parallel. Even if one
bulb “burns out,” there is still a pathway
for current through the second bulb and
therefore it would stay lit.
12. (a) Students’ answers may vary but could
include a car racetrack or a single-lane
bridge.
(b) Students’ answers may vary but could
include multiple checkouts at the supermarket
or entering a bus by two different
doors.
13. (a) The resistors are connected in parallel.
Electrons leaving the battery have two
pathways to return to the battery.
(b) The resistors are connected in series.
Electrons leaving the battery must travel
through both resistors in order to return to
the battery.
14. V1 = 5.0 V, A1 = 2.0 A
15. (a) The current would decrease because
adding another resistor in series increases
the total resistance of the circuit.
(b) The current would increase because adding
another resistor in parallel decreases the
total resistance of the circuit.
16. V1 = 6.0 V, A1 = 2.0 A
17. 144 W
18. 10 A
19. 18 W
20. Lamp 1 = 27 W, Lamp 2 = 18 W
21. Light bulb, hair dryer, microwave oven
Monday, July 21, 2008
Day 11 - Series and Parallel circuits
Here is the work we did in class today:
Go over some homework questions before handing in – make sure people get a chance to correct them.
Give out quiz on chapter 8 – retests for those who failed ch 7 immediately afterwardsAssign up to the chapter review for chapter 9 – prepare for quiz next day and unit test next day.
1.) We wrote a quiz on Chapter 8 - results to be handed back tomorrow.
2.) Pg 313 # 1 - 6
3.) Pg 319 # 1 - 7
4.) pG 330 # 1- 21
Good luck, and remember we will finish chapter 9 this week, and do a quiz on Chapter 9. This week we will also be doing a Unit Test on Chapter 7, 8, and 9. Feel free to bring questions to Mr. Gill before and after class.
Answers to Chapter 8
Chapter 8 Quiz
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. D
12. B
13. A
14. G
15. E
16. C
Answers from last day's work
Pg 302 # 1- 21 Checking Concepts
1. The battery is the source of electric potential
energy in a circuit.
2. In a battery, chemical energy is transformed
into electric potential energy.
3. The amount of electric potential energy is
dependent on both the amount of charge
separated and the voltage.
4. Two dissimilar metals and an electrolyte are
needed to produce an electrochemical cell.
5. Five methods of producing electrical energy
are: friction, piezoelectric crystals, photoelectrochemical
cells, thermocouples, and
generators. Other answers may be acceptable.
6. Voltage is measured in volts.
7. A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.
8. An ammeter is used to measure current.
9. See Mr. Gill for answer
10. See Mr. Gill for answer
11. 1000 mA = 1 A
12. Conventional current is the flow of positive
charge and therefore flows from positive to
negative. Electron flow is the flow of negative
charge and therefore flows from negative to
positive.
13. The four basic components of an electric circuit
are: source, conductor, load, and switch.
14. Resistance is the property of any material that
slows down electrons and converts electrical
energy into other forms. A resistor is an electrical
component that has resistance.
15. Voltage equals the product of current and
resistance.
16. When an electron passes through a resistor, its
electrical energy is transformed into other
forms of energy.
17. An ohmmeter is a device used to measure
resistance.
18. The four coloured bands on a resistor represent:
first digit, second digit, multiplier, and
accuracy.
Understanding Key Ideas
19. Skiers at the top of a hill have gained potential
energy. This potential energy can now change
into other forms as they ski down the mountain.
Electrons on the negative terminal of the
battery also have potential energy and can
transform this energy into other forms of
energy as they pass through the circuit.
20. The reading on the voltmeter would now be
zero. This is because both leads are at the
same potential; therefore there is no potential
difference (voltage).
21. Electric potential energy is due to both the
voltage and the amount of charge separated.
Even though the two batteries have the same
voltage, one of the batteries could be able to
separate more charge and therefore provide a
greater energy.
Go over some homework questions before handing in – make sure people get a chance to correct them.
Give out quiz on chapter 8 – retests for those who failed ch 7 immediately afterwardsAssign up to the chapter review for chapter 9 – prepare for quiz next day and unit test next day.
1.) We wrote a quiz on Chapter 8 - results to be handed back tomorrow.
2.) Pg 313 # 1 - 6
3.) Pg 319 # 1 - 7
4.) pG 330 # 1- 21
Good luck, and remember we will finish chapter 9 this week, and do a quiz on Chapter 9. This week we will also be doing a Unit Test on Chapter 7, 8, and 9. Feel free to bring questions to Mr. Gill before and after class.
Answers to Chapter 8
Chapter 8 Quiz
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. C
10. D
11. D
12. B
13. A
14. G
15. E
16. C
Answers from last day's work
Pg 302 # 1- 21 Checking Concepts
1. The battery is the source of electric potential
energy in a circuit.
2. In a battery, chemical energy is transformed
into electric potential energy.
3. The amount of electric potential energy is
dependent on both the amount of charge
separated and the voltage.
4. Two dissimilar metals and an electrolyte are
needed to produce an electrochemical cell.
5. Five methods of producing electrical energy
are: friction, piezoelectric crystals, photoelectrochemical
cells, thermocouples, and
generators. Other answers may be acceptable.
6. Voltage is measured in volts.
7. A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.
8. An ammeter is used to measure current.
9. See Mr. Gill for answer
10. See Mr. Gill for answer
11. 1000 mA = 1 A
12. Conventional current is the flow of positive
charge and therefore flows from positive to
negative. Electron flow is the flow of negative
charge and therefore flows from negative to
positive.
13. The four basic components of an electric circuit
are: source, conductor, load, and switch.
14. Resistance is the property of any material that
slows down electrons and converts electrical
energy into other forms. A resistor is an electrical
component that has resistance.
15. Voltage equals the product of current and
resistance.
16. When an electron passes through a resistor, its
electrical energy is transformed into other
forms of energy.
17. An ohmmeter is a device used to measure
resistance.
18. The four coloured bands on a resistor represent:
first digit, second digit, multiplier, and
accuracy.
Understanding Key Ideas
19. Skiers at the top of a hill have gained potential
energy. This potential energy can now change
into other forms as they ski down the mountain.
Electrons on the negative terminal of the
battery also have potential energy and can
transform this energy into other forms of
energy as they pass through the circuit.
20. The reading on the voltmeter would now be
zero. This is because both leads are at the
same potential; therefore there is no potential
difference (voltage).
21. Electric potential energy is due to both the
voltage and the amount of charge separated.
Even though the two batteries have the same
voltage, one of the batteries could be able to
separate more charge and therefore provide a
greater energy.
Thursday, July 17, 2008
Day 10 - Ohm's law, resistance and current
Friday's lesson we wrote a test on Chapter 7 Static Electricity. We also spent time reviewing chapter 8's concepts on circuits, and focussed on Ohm's law.
Pg 302 # 1- 18 The Chapter Review
Also from the handout in class Pgs 124 and 125 All Questions
And, you know if Mr. Gill assigns a Chapter review, a chapter quiz will surely follow. There is a quiz on chapter 8 on Monday.
Chapter 7 Quiz Answers
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. F
12. C
13. G
14. A
15. D
16. B
Pg 302 # 1- 18 The Chapter Review
Also from the handout in class Pgs 124 and 125 All Questions
And, you know if Mr. Gill assigns a Chapter review, a chapter quiz will surely follow. There is a quiz on chapter 8 on Monday.
Chapter 7 Quiz Answers
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. F
12. C
13. G
14. A
15. D
16. B
Wednesday, July 16, 2008
Day 9 - Current Electricity and Ohm's Law
Today (Thursday July 15th) as a class we:
Reviewed the answers to the Unit 1 Test. The re-tests for chapter 3 (chemistry) and the Unit 1 test is Friday, July 16. We reviewed Static Electricity for the Chapter 7 Quiz on Friday (tomorrow)! We did some demonstrations of current electricity.
Today's Big Idea was Ohm's law! V = I x R ( which meansVoltage(v) = Current (A) X Resistance (Ohms) ) Also this means that I = V/R and R = V/I
Today we assigned as homework (due Friday)
Pg 289 #1 - 13
Pgs 293 and 294 (the practice problems - check your answers from the book)
PG 297 # 1 - 7.
Here are the answers to the Unit Test
Unit 1 Test
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. C
11. F
12. B
13. G or K
14. H
15. I
16. E
17. L
18. D
19. G
20. J
Chapter 3 Quiz
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. D
11. B
12. H
13. F
14. A
15. E
16. D
Pg 289 # 1 - 7 Checking Concepts
1. The battery in an electric circuit gives the
electrons their potential energy.
2. The load in an electric circuit transforms electrical
energy into other forms.
3. Students’ answers may vary but could include:
light bulb, buzzer, heater, and motor.
5. Current is the amount of charge passing a
given point per second.
6. Current is measured in amperes (A).
7. An ammeter is used to measure electric
current.
Reading Check Answers, p. 297
1. Current is inversely proportional to the resistance.
If the resistance is increased, the current
decreases. If the resistance is decreased, the
current increases.
2. If the voltage applied to the circuit is
increased, the current in the circuit will
increase.
3. Voltage (V) = current (I) × resistance (R)
4. Electrical resistance is measured in ohms.
5. When current flows through a resistor, the
electrical energy is transformed into other
forms, usually heat.
6. Energy “lost” in a resistor means that the electrical
energy has been transformed into
another form of energy that is not easily
changed back into electrical energy.
7. Manufacturers indicate the value of resistance
by coloured bands.
Also, sorry this is a bit late in posting, but here are the answers to pgs 275 and 282
Reading Check Answers, p. 275
1. An electrochemical cell or battery uses chemical
energy to produce electrical energy.
2. Energy is the ability to do work.
3. Kinetic energy is energy due to motion.
Potential energy is a stored energy.
4. Voltage is a more common name for electric
potential difference.
5. The amount of energy a charge possesses is
due to the potential difference and the amount
of charge that has been separated.
6. A voltmeter is a device used to measure potential
difference.
7. The two groups of batteries are: dry cells and
wet cells.
8. Electrodes are usually made of metals. These
electrodes gain a positive or negative charge
due to their contact with the electrolyte. The
electrolyte is a substance that reacts with the
electrodes to separate charge.
9. Students’ answers may vary but could include
the following. Forms of energy sources that
can be transformed into electrical energy
include friction, piezoelectric crystals, photoelectrochemical
cells, thermocouples, and
generators.
Reading Check Answers, p. 282
1. Students’ answers may vary but may include:
light, heat, sound, and motion.
2. A complete pathway that allows electrons to
flow is called an electric circuit.
3. The person on the waterslide travels through a
“circuit” and transforms energy.
4. The four basic components of a circuit are:
source, conductor, load, and switch.
5. Circuit diagrams give an organized representation
of the actual circuit.
Reviewed the answers to the Unit 1 Test. The re-tests for chapter 3 (chemistry) and the Unit 1 test is Friday, July 16. We reviewed Static Electricity for the Chapter 7 Quiz on Friday (tomorrow)! We did some demonstrations of current electricity.
Today's Big Idea was Ohm's law! V = I x R ( which meansVoltage(v) = Current (A) X Resistance (Ohms) ) Also this means that I = V/R and R = V/I
Today we assigned as homework (due Friday)
Pg 289 #1 - 13
Pgs 293 and 294 (the practice problems - check your answers from the book)
PG 297 # 1 - 7.
Here are the answers to the Unit Test
Unit 1 Test
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. D
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. C
11. F
12. B
13. G or K
14. H
15. I
16. E
17. L
18. D
19. G
20. J
Chapter 3 Quiz
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. D
11. B
12. H
13. F
14. A
15. E
16. D
Pg 289 # 1 - 7 Checking Concepts
1. The battery in an electric circuit gives the
electrons their potential energy.
2. The load in an electric circuit transforms electrical
energy into other forms.
3. Students’ answers may vary but could include:
light bulb, buzzer, heater, and motor.
5. Current is the amount of charge passing a
given point per second.
6. Current is measured in amperes (A).
7. An ammeter is used to measure electric
current.
Reading Check Answers, p. 297
1. Current is inversely proportional to the resistance.
If the resistance is increased, the current
decreases. If the resistance is decreased, the
current increases.
2. If the voltage applied to the circuit is
increased, the current in the circuit will
increase.
3. Voltage (V) = current (I) × resistance (R)
4. Electrical resistance is measured in ohms.
5. When current flows through a resistor, the
electrical energy is transformed into other
forms, usually heat.
6. Energy “lost” in a resistor means that the electrical
energy has been transformed into
another form of energy that is not easily
changed back into electrical energy.
7. Manufacturers indicate the value of resistance
by coloured bands.
Also, sorry this is a bit late in posting, but here are the answers to pgs 275 and 282
Reading Check Answers, p. 275
1. An electrochemical cell or battery uses chemical
energy to produce electrical energy.
2. Energy is the ability to do work.
3. Kinetic energy is energy due to motion.
Potential energy is a stored energy.
4. Voltage is a more common name for electric
potential difference.
5. The amount of energy a charge possesses is
due to the potential difference and the amount
of charge that has been separated.
6. A voltmeter is a device used to measure potential
difference.
7. The two groups of batteries are: dry cells and
wet cells.
8. Electrodes are usually made of metals. These
electrodes gain a positive or negative charge
due to their contact with the electrolyte. The
electrolyte is a substance that reacts with the
electrodes to separate charge.
9. Students’ answers may vary but could include
the following. Forms of energy sources that
can be transformed into electrical energy
include friction, piezoelectric crystals, photoelectrochemical
cells, thermocouples, and
generators.
Reading Check Answers, p. 282
1. Students’ answers may vary but may include:
light, heat, sound, and motion.
2. A complete pathway that allows electrons to
flow is called an electric circuit.
3. The person on the waterslide travels through a
“circuit” and transforms energy.
4. The four basic components of a circuit are:
source, conductor, load, and switch.
5. Circuit diagrams give an organized representation
of the actual circuit.
Day 8 - An Intro to Current Electricity
Wednesday, July 15, 2009 is the actual date.
Today our in class are going to write an open book Unit Quiz on Chapters 1 - 3 and mark. We will also go over our Vocabulary Quiz.
Then we are going to slow things down a bit. Let's make sure we know our Electricity from the beginning. We are going over the answers to the first two assignments, identifying key concepts and correcting our work.
Today, we did page 275 #1 9 in class for 30 minutes. Then we assigned pg 282 # 1 - 5 for homework.
Here are answers to Monday's work
Reading Check Answers, p. 251
1. (a) Proton—positive; electron—negative;
neutron—neutral
(b) The protons and neutrons are in the centre
of the atom (nucleus). The electrons orbit
the nucleus.
2. If the number of positive charges (protons)
equals the number of negative charges (electrons),
then the atom is neutral.
3. All solid materials are charged by the transfer
of electrons.
4. If an atom has more protons than electrons, it
has a positive charge.
5. When a neutral atom gains electrons, it then
has a negative charge.
6. When two objects are rubbed together, electrons
from one object can be transferred to the
other object.
Pg. 254 #1-6
1. In an insulator, the electrons stay in one location.
In a conductor, the electrons are able to
move freely throughout the conductor.
2. As long as the number of electrons equals the
number of protons, the object will be neutral.
3. The Van de Graaff generator is designed to
generate large amounts of static charge.
4. Students’ answers will vary. Four possible uses
of static electricity may include: sandwich
wrap, decreasing air pollution, air ionizers,
painting automobiles.
5. Grounding is allowing charge to flow into
Earth’s surface.
6. The static charge on the truck or airplane
needs to be removed so that a spark does not
ignite the fuel.
Here are the answers toTuesday's assignments:
Pg 257 # 1- 16
Checking Concepts
1. The word “static” means stationary or not
moving.
2. An acetate strip acquires a negative charge.
3. (a) Students’ diagrams may vary - See Mr. Gill if you would like me to draw it on the board
(b) Electrons—negative; protons—positive; neutrons—neutral
4. The electrons are transferred when you charge
an object.
5. There should be an equal number of and –
signs for (a); more – signs than signs for (b);
and more signs than – signs for (c).
6. A solid object that holds charge in one place is
called an insulator.
7. A solid object that allows free electrons to
move easily through it is called a conductor.
8. Static charge is measured in coulombs.
9. A conductor is grounded when it is connected
to Earth’s surface so that charge can flow
between Earth and the conductor.
10. An electroscope is used to detect static charge.
Understanding Key Ideas
11. (a) Similarities between a proton and an electron
include: both part of the atom; both
have a charge; and the magnitude of
charge is the same.
(b) Differences between a proton and an electron
include: proton is in the nucleus, and
the electron orbits the nucleus; the electron
is more easily removed from the
atom; the electron has a negative charge,
and the proton has a positive charge.
12. A positively charged object has more protons
than electrons, whereas a negatively charged
object has more electrons than protons.
13. An object is neutral if it contains the same
number of protons as electrons.
14. When a person walks across a carpet, he or she
gains a static charge due to friction. This static
charge will stay on the person until the person
touches the metal doorknob. Since the doorknob
is a conductor, the charge will flow upon
contact and the person will receive a shock.
15. By touching a charged object with your hand,
charge is transferred between your body and
the object. Since your body contains many
more electrons and protons than the object,
the transfer of a small amount of static charge
leaves both your body and the object almost
neutral.
16. Both charged conductors and insulators have
unequal amounts of positive and negative
charges. The electrons (negative charges)
would be evenly distributed on a conductor,
whereas they may be unevenly distributed on
an insulator.
Pg 266 # 1 - 12
1. Students’ diagrams should show protons (positive)
and neutrons (no charge) within the
nucleus and electrons (negative) outside of the
nucleus. Students may have indicated the overall
charge of the nucleus to be positive.
2. Students’ diagrams should show an equal
number of + and – signs in a neutral object,
more – than signs in a negative object, and
more signs than – signs in a positive object.
3. Electrons are transferred during static charging.
4. Plastics, such as acetate, gain a negative charge
when charged by friction.
5. The fur would possess a positive charge after
charging the amber.
6. (a) An electroscope is used to detect static
charge.
(b) A Van de Graaff generator is used to produce
large amounts of static charge.
7. Grounding a charged object makes the object
neutral.
8. A conductor allows electrons to move freely.
An insulator does not allow electrons to move
freely.
9. (a) Repels
(b) Attracts
(c) Attracts
(d) Repels
10. (a) Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) Increases
(d) Decreases
11. (a) Electrons are transferred from one object
to the other.
(b) Electrons are relocated within the object
but do not transfer between objects.
12. (a) Neutral
(b) Positive
(c) Negative
Today our in class are going to write an open book Unit Quiz on Chapters 1 - 3 and mark. We will also go over our Vocabulary Quiz.
Then we are going to slow things down a bit. Let's make sure we know our Electricity from the beginning. We are going over the answers to the first two assignments, identifying key concepts and correcting our work.
Today, we did page 275 #1 9 in class for 30 minutes. Then we assigned pg 282 # 1 - 5 for homework.
Here are answers to Monday's work
Reading Check Answers, p. 251
1. (a) Proton—positive; electron—negative;
neutron—neutral
(b) The protons and neutrons are in the centre
of the atom (nucleus). The electrons orbit
the nucleus.
2. If the number of positive charges (protons)
equals the number of negative charges (electrons),
then the atom is neutral.
3. All solid materials are charged by the transfer
of electrons.
4. If an atom has more protons than electrons, it
has a positive charge.
5. When a neutral atom gains electrons, it then
has a negative charge.
6. When two objects are rubbed together, electrons
from one object can be transferred to the
other object.
Pg. 254 #1-6
1. In an insulator, the electrons stay in one location.
In a conductor, the electrons are able to
move freely throughout the conductor.
2. As long as the number of electrons equals the
number of protons, the object will be neutral.
3. The Van de Graaff generator is designed to
generate large amounts of static charge.
4. Students’ answers will vary. Four possible uses
of static electricity may include: sandwich
wrap, decreasing air pollution, air ionizers,
painting automobiles.
5. Grounding is allowing charge to flow into
Earth’s surface.
6. The static charge on the truck or airplane
needs to be removed so that a spark does not
ignite the fuel.
Here are the answers toTuesday's assignments:
Pg 257 # 1- 16
Checking Concepts
1. The word “static” means stationary or not
moving.
2. An acetate strip acquires a negative charge.
3. (a) Students’ diagrams may vary - See Mr. Gill if you would like me to draw it on the board
(b) Electrons—negative; protons—positive; neutrons—neutral
4. The electrons are transferred when you charge
an object.
5. There should be an equal number of and –
signs for (a); more – signs than signs for (b);
and more signs than – signs for (c).
6. A solid object that holds charge in one place is
called an insulator.
7. A solid object that allows free electrons to
move easily through it is called a conductor.
8. Static charge is measured in coulombs.
9. A conductor is grounded when it is connected
to Earth’s surface so that charge can flow
between Earth and the conductor.
10. An electroscope is used to detect static charge.
Understanding Key Ideas
11. (a) Similarities between a proton and an electron
include: both part of the atom; both
have a charge; and the magnitude of
charge is the same.
(b) Differences between a proton and an electron
include: proton is in the nucleus, and
the electron orbits the nucleus; the electron
is more easily removed from the
atom; the electron has a negative charge,
and the proton has a positive charge.
12. A positively charged object has more protons
than electrons, whereas a negatively charged
object has more electrons than protons.
13. An object is neutral if it contains the same
number of protons as electrons.
14. When a person walks across a carpet, he or she
gains a static charge due to friction. This static
charge will stay on the person until the person
touches the metal doorknob. Since the doorknob
is a conductor, the charge will flow upon
contact and the person will receive a shock.
15. By touching a charged object with your hand,
charge is transferred between your body and
the object. Since your body contains many
more electrons and protons than the object,
the transfer of a small amount of static charge
leaves both your body and the object almost
neutral.
16. Both charged conductors and insulators have
unequal amounts of positive and negative
charges. The electrons (negative charges)
would be evenly distributed on a conductor,
whereas they may be unevenly distributed on
an insulator.
Pg 266 # 1 - 12
1. Students’ diagrams should show protons (positive)
and neutrons (no charge) within the
nucleus and electrons (negative) outside of the
nucleus. Students may have indicated the overall
charge of the nucleus to be positive.
2. Students’ diagrams should show an equal
number of + and – signs in a neutral object,
more – than signs in a negative object, and
more signs than – signs in a positive object.
3. Electrons are transferred during static charging.
4. Plastics, such as acetate, gain a negative charge
when charged by friction.
5. The fur would possess a positive charge after
charging the amber.
6. (a) An electroscope is used to detect static
charge.
(b) A Van de Graaff generator is used to produce
large amounts of static charge.
7. Grounding a charged object makes the object
neutral.
8. A conductor allows electrons to move freely.
An insulator does not allow electrons to move
freely.
9. (a) Repels
(b) Attracts
(c) Attracts
(d) Repels
10. (a) Decreases
(b) Increases
(c) Increases
(d) Decreases
11. (a) Electrons are transferred from one object
to the other.
(b) Electrons are relocated within the object
but do not transfer between objects.
12. (a) Neutral
(b) Positive
(c) Negative
Monday, July 14, 2008
Day 7 - Static Electricity
Tuesday, July 14, 2009
Today we will begin our class with a lesson in science vocabulary. I will give half the vocabulary words for the class to study in groups, and write down definitions for in preparation for the quiz. We will then complete it as a fill in the blanks style quiz, and go over the answers as a class.
Next we will go over some examples from page 89 and 90 on formula writing. It is my hope that by doing this work as a class, we will be prepared to re-take the quiz.
After we turn in Monday's homework (posting the answers and reading them as a class), we will call on those students who owe work to come up and show that they have compeleted all missing and incomplete work, or write make up quizzes.
Pg 257 # 1 - 16
Pg 266 # 1 - 12
and the vocabulary quiz
Yesterday's Assignment Answers are:
Pg 251 # 1 - 6
1. (a) Proton—positive; electron—negative; neutron—neutral
(b) The protons and neutrons are in the centre
of the atom (nucleus). The electrons orbit
the nucleus.
2. If the number of positive charges (protons)
equals the number of negative charges (electrons),
then the atom is neutral.
3. All solid materials are charged by the transfer
of electrons.
4. If an atom has more protons than electrons, it
has a positive charge.
5. When a neutral atom gains electrons, it then
has a negative charge.
6. When two objects are rubbed together, electrons
from one object can be transferred to the
other object.
Pg 254 # 1 - 6
1. In an insulator, the electrons stay in one location.
In a conductor, the electrons are able to
move freely throughout the conductor.
2. As long as the number of electrons equals the
number of protons, the object will be neutral.
3. The Van de Graaff generator is designed to
generate large amounts of static charge.
4. Students’ answers will vary. Four possible uses
of static electricity may include: sandwich
wrap, decreasing air pollution, air ionizers,
painting automobiles.
5. Grounding is allowing charge to flow into
Earth’s surface.
6. The static charge on the truck or airplane
needs to be removed so that a spark does not
ignite the fuel.
We did a quiz on Chapter 3 with a focus on chemical bonding, molecules, and chemical reactions. Here are the answers:
Chapter 3 Quiz
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. D
11. B
12. H
13. F
14. A
15. E
16. D
Today we will begin our class with a lesson in science vocabulary. I will give half the vocabulary words for the class to study in groups, and write down definitions for in preparation for the quiz. We will then complete it as a fill in the blanks style quiz, and go over the answers as a class.
Next we will go over some examples from page 89 and 90 on formula writing. It is my hope that by doing this work as a class, we will be prepared to re-take the quiz.
After we turn in Monday's homework (posting the answers and reading them as a class), we will call on those students who owe work to come up and show that they have compeleted all missing and incomplete work, or write make up quizzes.
Reminder - there will be a unit test on Wednesday. It will be timed, but it will be open book. Correct your past quizes and homework assignments from this site, and this will help you study the right information for the quiz. This time you will be allowed to use your text book and notes. Next open book quiz or test I give (and I will not tell you when that will be) will be NOTES ONLY.
Today's assigned work due Wednesday:Pg 257 # 1 - 16
Pg 266 # 1 - 12
and the vocabulary quiz
Yesterday's Assignment Answers are:
Pg 251 # 1 - 6
1. (a) Proton—positive; electron—negative; neutron—neutral
(b) The protons and neutrons are in the centre
of the atom (nucleus). The electrons orbit
the nucleus.
2. If the number of positive charges (protons)
equals the number of negative charges (electrons),
then the atom is neutral.
3. All solid materials are charged by the transfer
of electrons.
4. If an atom has more protons than electrons, it
has a positive charge.
5. When a neutral atom gains electrons, it then
has a negative charge.
6. When two objects are rubbed together, electrons
from one object can be transferred to the
other object.
Pg 254 # 1 - 6
1. In an insulator, the electrons stay in one location.
In a conductor, the electrons are able to
move freely throughout the conductor.
2. As long as the number of electrons equals the
number of protons, the object will be neutral.
3. The Van de Graaff generator is designed to
generate large amounts of static charge.
4. Students’ answers will vary. Four possible uses
of static electricity may include: sandwich
wrap, decreasing air pollution, air ionizers,
painting automobiles.
5. Grounding is allowing charge to flow into
Earth’s surface.
6. The static charge on the truck or airplane
needs to be removed so that a spark does not
ignite the fuel.
We did a quiz on Chapter 3 with a focus on chemical bonding, molecules, and chemical reactions. Here are the answers:
Chapter 3 Quiz
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. D
11. B
12. H
13. F
14. A
15. E
16. D
Day 6 - A quiz to close out Chemistry, and now...
Monday, July 13, 2009
Today the majority of students found the Quiz for Chapter 3 too difficult! We will be re-writing the quiz tomorrow after making sure we have reviewed the important concepts and vocabulary in chemistry carefully.
The homework we issued today was
Pg 89 #1a - n
Pg 251 # 1 - 6
Pg 254 # 1 - 6
Tomorrow we will begin our class with a lesson in science vocabulary. I will give half the vocabulary words for the class to study in groups, and write down definitions for in preparation for the quiz. We will then complete it as a fill in the blanks style quiz, and go over the answers as a class.
Next we will go over some examples from page 89 and 90 on formula writing. It is my hope that by doing this work as a class, we will be prepared to re-take the quiz. Then we will go on to our lesson in Electricity with some demonstrations, and collect homework.
Here are the answers to last week's Chapter 2 Quiz:
The answers to page 67 # 1-3 are:
1. 2, 8, 8, 18
2. (a) H 1p 1
(b) Li 3p 2, 1
(c) Na 11p 2, 8, 1
(d) K 19p 2, 8, 8, 1
3. (a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 7
(d) 8
The answers to page 72 # 1- 19 are:
1. An element is a pure substance made of only
one kind of atom. Specifically, all the atoms of
the element have the same number of protons.
2. Accept all logical answers. For example, pennies
contain copper and zinc, and ice cubes
contain hydrogen and oxygen.
3. (a) Phosphorus
(b) Beryllium
(c) Potassium
(d) Cobalt
4. (a) He
(b) Li
(c) B
(d) Mg
(e) Ca
5. Mercury and bromine
6. Shiny, silver coloured, malleable, ductile, conduct
electricity, conduct heat
7. (a) Carbon, other metals
(b) Steel
8. Mercury is liquid at room temperature and is
not as good a conductor as silver.
9. Periodic table
10. Atomic mass measures the mass of an atom of
the element.
11. Number of protons = atomic number
12. A chemical family is a group of elements that
have similar chemical and physical properties.
They occur in columns of the periodic table.
13. Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens,
noble gases
14. Less reactive
15. They are unreactive.
16. A Bohr model represents the arrangement of
electrons in an atom.
17. (a) The valence shell is the outermost occupied
electron shell in an atom.
(b) A valence electron is an electron that occupies
the valence shell.
18. (a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 6
(d) 8
19. (a) Noble gases
(b) Their filled valence shells make the atoms
of the noble gases unreactive.
Today the majority of students found the Quiz for Chapter 3 too difficult! We will be re-writing the quiz tomorrow after making sure we have reviewed the important concepts and vocabulary in chemistry carefully.
The homework we issued today was
Pg 89 #1a - n
Pg 251 # 1 - 6
Pg 254 # 1 - 6
Tomorrow we will begin our class with a lesson in science vocabulary. I will give half the vocabulary words for the class to study in groups, and write down definitions for in preparation for the quiz. We will then complete it as a fill in the blanks style quiz, and go over the answers as a class.
Next we will go over some examples from page 89 and 90 on formula writing. It is my hope that by doing this work as a class, we will be prepared to re-take the quiz. Then we will go on to our lesson in Electricity with some demonstrations, and collect homework.
Here are the answers to last week's Chapter 2 Quiz:
- c
- b
- c
- b
- c
- d
- c
- a
- d
- a
- f
- g
- b
- h
- d
- a
The answers to page 67 # 1-3 are:
1. 2, 8, 8, 18
2. (a) H 1p 1
(b) Li 3p 2, 1
(c) Na 11p 2, 8, 1
(d) K 19p 2, 8, 8, 1
3. (a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 7
(d) 8
The answers to page 72 # 1- 19 are:
1. An element is a pure substance made of only
one kind of atom. Specifically, all the atoms of
the element have the same number of protons.
2. Accept all logical answers. For example, pennies
contain copper and zinc, and ice cubes
contain hydrogen and oxygen.
3. (a) Phosphorus
(b) Beryllium
(c) Potassium
(d) Cobalt
4. (a) He
(b) Li
(c) B
(d) Mg
(e) Ca
5. Mercury and bromine
6. Shiny, silver coloured, malleable, ductile, conduct
electricity, conduct heat
7. (a) Carbon, other metals
(b) Steel
8. Mercury is liquid at room temperature and is
not as good a conductor as silver.
9. Periodic table
10. Atomic mass measures the mass of an atom of
the element.
11. Number of protons = atomic number
12. A chemical family is a group of elements that
have similar chemical and physical properties.
They occur in columns of the periodic table.
13. Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens,
noble gases
14. Less reactive
15. They are unreactive.
16. A Bohr model represents the arrangement of
electrons in an atom.
17. (a) The valence shell is the outermost occupied
electron shell in an atom.
(b) A valence electron is an electron that occupies
the valence shell.
18. (a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 6
(d) 8
19. (a) Noble gases
(b) Their filled valence shells make the atoms
of the noble gases unreactive.
Thursday, July 10, 2008
Day 4 - Chapter 2 and Start of Chapter 3
This is a short video that describes electrons and how they surround the nucleus in "shells" or "orbits". It was made by a student - I don't endorse jumping off of ladders. Click here to see the video.
Checking Concepts
1. An element is a pure substance made of only
one kind of atom. Specifically, all the atoms of
the element have the same number of protons.
2. Accept all logical answers. For example, pennies
contain copper and zinc, and ice cubes
contain hydrogen and oxygen.
3. (a) Phosphorus
(b) Beryllium
(c) Potassium
(d) Cobalt
4. (a) He
(b) Li
(c) B
(d) Mg
(e) Ca
5. Mercury and bromine
6. Shiny, silver coloured, malleable, ductile, conduct
electricity, conduct heat
7. (a) Carbon, other metals
(b) Steel
8. Mercury is liquid at room temperature and is
not as good a conductor as silver.
9. Periodic table
10. Atomic mass measures the mass of an atom of
the element.
11. Number of protons = atomic number
12. A chemical family is a group of elements that
have similar chemical and physical properties.
They occur in columns of the periodic table.
13. Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens,
noble gases
14. Less reactive
15. They are unreactive.
16. A Bohr model represents the arrangement of
electrons in an atom.
17. (a) The valence shell is the outermost occupied
electron shell in an atom.
(b) A valence electron is an electron that occupies
the valence shell.
18. (a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 6
(d) 8
19. (a) Noble gases
(b) Their filled valence shells make the atoms
of the noble gases unreactive.
Reading Check Answers, p. 79
1. Elements can combine into ionic compounds
by transferring electrons or covalent compounds
by sharing electrons.
2. In covalent compounds, atoms are connected
to each other by sharing a pair of electrons.
3. Sample answer: water
4. Sample answer: table salt
5. To form an ionic compound, metallic elements
must lose one or more electrons to form a
positive ion, while non-metallic elements must
gain one or more electrons to form a negative
ion.
Today's assignments are:
Read pages 64-81
Pg 67 Reading Check #1 - 3
Pg 72 - 1- 19 Chapter Review - There will be a quiz on Chapter 2 tomorrow
We began reading Chapter 3 today on the topic of Compounds and bonding.
Pg 79 # 1- 5Answers:
Reading Check Answers, p. 67
1. 2, 8, 8, 18
2. (a) H 1p 1
(b) Li 3p 2, 1
(c) Na 11p 2, 8, 1
(d) K 19p 2, 8, 8, 1
3. (a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 7
(d) 8
Checking Concepts
1. An element is a pure substance made of only
one kind of atom. Specifically, all the atoms of
the element have the same number of protons.
2. Accept all logical answers. For example, pennies
contain copper and zinc, and ice cubes
contain hydrogen and oxygen.
3. (a) Phosphorus
(b) Beryllium
(c) Potassium
(d) Cobalt
4. (a) He
(b) Li
(c) B
(d) Mg
(e) Ca
5. Mercury and bromine
6. Shiny, silver coloured, malleable, ductile, conduct
electricity, conduct heat
7. (a) Carbon, other metals
(b) Steel
8. Mercury is liquid at room temperature and is
not as good a conductor as silver.
9. Periodic table
10. Atomic mass measures the mass of an atom of
the element.
11. Number of protons = atomic number
12. A chemical family is a group of elements that
have similar chemical and physical properties.
They occur in columns of the periodic table.
13. Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens,
noble gases
14. Less reactive
15. They are unreactive.
16. A Bohr model represents the arrangement of
electrons in an atom.
17. (a) The valence shell is the outermost occupied
electron shell in an atom.
(b) A valence electron is an electron that occupies
the valence shell.
18. (a) 1
(b) 3
(c) 6
(d) 8
19. (a) Noble gases
(b) Their filled valence shells make the atoms
of the noble gases unreactive.
Reading Check Answers, p. 79
1. Elements can combine into ionic compounds
by transferring electrons or covalent compounds
by sharing electrons.
2. In covalent compounds, atoms are connected
to each other by sharing a pair of electrons.
3. Sample answer: water
4. Sample answer: table salt
5. To form an ionic compound, metallic elements
must lose one or more electrons to form a
positive ion, while non-metallic elements must
gain one or more electrons to form a negative
ion.
Tuesday, July 8, 2008
Day 2 - Physical / Chemical Changes and the Atom
Reminder there is a Chapter 1 quiz on day 3!
Today we assigned:
Pg 23Reading Check # 1-4
Pg 27 - Checking Concepts - Physical and Chemical Change # 1- 10, 14
Pg 33 Reading Check # 1 -7 Atomic Theory
Pg 38 Chapter 1 Review #1-16
Here are the answers for the quiz for Chapter 1
Quiz Answers
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. A
11. B
12. E
13. D
14. H
15. A
16. G
Reading Check Answers, p. 23
1. Malleability describes the ability
be beaten into sheets.
2. Smell is a qualitative property.
3. One
4. Elements and compounds
SECTION 1.2 ASSESSMENT, p. 27
Check Your Understanding Answers
Checking Concepts
1. Mass and volume
2. In a chemical change, substances combine to
form new substances.
3. In a physical change, such as a change of state,
there may be a change in appearance but no
new substances form.
4. Changes of state are changes between solid,
liquid, and gas.
5. Heating causes particles to vibrate faster and
the spaces between them to increase.
6. Solid, liquid, gas
7. The particles in a liquid can slip by each other,
resulting in the liquid taking on the shape of
its container, but since the particles remain in
contact with each other the liquid cannot
expand to fill the container.
8. The melting point of the oil is the same as the
solidifying point: 5.0°C.
9. The kinetic energy of the water molecules
increases and the particles bounce more vigorously
against each other, creating more space.
Some particles gain enough energy to break
completely free of the liquid water.
10. Greater kinetic energy equates to greater
movement of particles.
14. (a) Liquid
(b) Gas
(c) Liquid
Reading Check Answers, p. 33
1. Alchemists wanted to turn common metals
such as lead and mercury into gold.
2. The atoms in Dalton’s model were indivisible;
in Thompson’s model, atoms were made up of
subatomic particles, such as the electron.
3. Rutherford discovered the nucleus, a dense,
positively charged region in the centre of the
atom.
4. In Thompson’s model, the positive charge was
spread out over the whole atom; in Rutherford’s
model, the positive charge was concentrated
into a tiny nucleus.
5. Bohr discovered that electrons in an atom are
arranged in energy levels, or shells, within the
atom.
6. Positive
7. Negative
Checking Concepts
1. (a) Call “Fire!” Smother the fire (possibly by
using Stop, Drop, and Roll or with a fire
blanket).
(b) Wash your eye immediately for 15 min.
Inform your teacher. Seek medical help if
necessary.
(c) Take the container to your teacher.
(d) Make sure your hands are dry. Pull the
cord by the plug, not the cord.
2. Accept all logical answers. Sample answer:
Failure to use safety eyewear could result in
chemicals entering the eye and causing blindness.
Horseplay could lead to spilling a chemical
such as acid and causing damage to skin.
Leaving a Bunsen burner unattended could
lead to a fire or explosion.
3. Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System
4. (a) Flammable and combustible material
(b) Poisonous material causing other toxic
effects
(c) Biohazardous infectious material
(d) Corrosive material
5. (a) Container can explode.
(b) Product inside container is corrosive.
6. A chemical change is a change in matter that
occurs when substances combine to form new
substances. When physical changes occur,
there may be a change in appearance but no
new substances form.
7. A change of state is a change between solid,
liquid, and gas.
8. (a) The melting point of water is the temperature
at which water turns from solid to
liquid, which is 0°C.
(b) The boiling point of water is the temperature
at which water turns from liquid to
gas, which is 100°C.
9. The freezing point of water and the melting
point of water are exactly the same temperature,
0°C.
10. An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that retains the properties of the element.
11. (a) Thomson
(b) Rutherford
(c) Dalton
(d) Thomson
(e) Bohr
(f) Dalton
(g) Bohr
(h) Thomson
(i) Rutherford
12. (a) A subatomic particle is a particle that combines
with other particles to form atoms.
(b) Protons, electrons, neutrons
13. Protons and neutrons
14. (a) Proton and electron
(b) Neutron
(c) Electron
(d) Neutron
(e) Proton and neutron
(f) Proton and neutron
(g) Proton
(h) Electron
(i) Protons and electrons
15. The nucleus occupies less than 0.01% of the
whole volume of the atom.
16. The nucleus of every atom contains one or
more protons, giving every nucleus a positive
charge. There may be neutrons in the nucleus,
but they have no effect on its electric charge.
Today we assigned:
Pg 23Reading Check # 1-4
Pg 27 - Checking Concepts - Physical and Chemical Change # 1- 10, 14
Pg 33 Reading Check # 1 -7 Atomic Theory
Pg 38 Chapter 1 Review #1-16
Here are the answers for the quiz for Chapter 1
Quiz Answers
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. C
9. C
10. A
11. B
12. E
13. D
14. H
15. A
16. G
Reading Check Answers, p. 23
1. Malleability describes the ability
be beaten into sheets.
2. Smell is a qualitative property.
3. One
4. Elements and compounds
SECTION 1.2 ASSESSMENT, p. 27
Check Your Understanding Answers
Checking Concepts
1. Mass and volume
2. In a chemical change, substances combine to
form new substances.
3. In a physical change, such as a change of state,
there may be a change in appearance but no
new substances form.
4. Changes of state are changes between solid,
liquid, and gas.
5. Heating causes particles to vibrate faster and
the spaces between them to increase.
6. Solid, liquid, gas
7. The particles in a liquid can slip by each other,
resulting in the liquid taking on the shape of
its container, but since the particles remain in
contact with each other the liquid cannot
expand to fill the container.
8. The melting point of the oil is the same as the
solidifying point: 5.0°C.
9. The kinetic energy of the water molecules
increases and the particles bounce more vigorously
against each other, creating more space.
Some particles gain enough energy to break
completely free of the liquid water.
10. Greater kinetic energy equates to greater
movement of particles.
14. (a) Liquid
(b) Gas
(c) Liquid
Reading Check Answers, p. 33
1. Alchemists wanted to turn common metals
such as lead and mercury into gold.
2. The atoms in Dalton’s model were indivisible;
in Thompson’s model, atoms were made up of
subatomic particles, such as the electron.
3. Rutherford discovered the nucleus, a dense,
positively charged region in the centre of the
atom.
4. In Thompson’s model, the positive charge was
spread out over the whole atom; in Rutherford’s
model, the positive charge was concentrated
into a tiny nucleus.
5. Bohr discovered that electrons in an atom are
arranged in energy levels, or shells, within the
atom.
6. Positive
7. Negative
Checking Concepts
1. (a) Call “Fire!” Smother the fire (possibly by
using Stop, Drop, and Roll or with a fire
blanket).
(b) Wash your eye immediately for 15 min.
Inform your teacher. Seek medical help if
necessary.
(c) Take the container to your teacher.
(d) Make sure your hands are dry. Pull the
cord by the plug, not the cord.
2. Accept all logical answers. Sample answer:
Failure to use safety eyewear could result in
chemicals entering the eye and causing blindness.
Horseplay could lead to spilling a chemical
such as acid and causing damage to skin.
Leaving a Bunsen burner unattended could
lead to a fire or explosion.
3. Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System
4. (a) Flammable and combustible material
(b) Poisonous material causing other toxic
effects
(c) Biohazardous infectious material
(d) Corrosive material
5. (a) Container can explode.
(b) Product inside container is corrosive.
6. A chemical change is a change in matter that
occurs when substances combine to form new
substances. When physical changes occur,
there may be a change in appearance but no
new substances form.
7. A change of state is a change between solid,
liquid, and gas.
8. (a) The melting point of water is the temperature
at which water turns from solid to
liquid, which is 0°C.
(b) The boiling point of water is the temperature
at which water turns from liquid to
gas, which is 100°C.
9. The freezing point of water and the melting
point of water are exactly the same temperature,
0°C.
10. An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that retains the properties of the element.
11. (a) Thomson
(b) Rutherford
(c) Dalton
(d) Thomson
(e) Bohr
(f) Dalton
(g) Bohr
(h) Thomson
(i) Rutherford
12. (a) A subatomic particle is a particle that combines
with other particles to form atoms.
(b) Protons, electrons, neutrons
13. Protons and neutrons
14. (a) Proton and electron
(b) Neutron
(c) Electron
(d) Neutron
(e) Proton and neutron
(f) Proton and neutron
(g) Proton
(h) Electron
(i) Protons and electrons
15. The nucleus occupies less than 0.01% of the
whole volume of the atom.
16. The nucleus of every atom contains one or
more protons, giving every nucleus a positive
charge. There may be neutrons in the nucleus,
but they have no effect on its electric charge.
Monday, July 7, 2008
Day 1 - Safety and KMT
On the first day of class we covered Chapter 1, pgs 1-21. Our focuses were on safety and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT). Students were assigned:
Pg 11 - Reading Check - Saftey #1-5
Pg 13 - Reading Check - WHMIS #1-3
Pg 21 - Reading Check - KMT #1-7
Answers:
1. Before starting a science activity, know the
safety rules that apply to your laboratory as
well as any safety guidelines that apply to the
specific lab activity you are about to begin.
2. Report any nick or chip in glassware to your
teacher and then discard it in the sharps
bucket.
3. Never taste a chemical in the science lab, even
if it is a food item.
4. Take a container with an obscured label to
your teacher.
5. Hold the chemical you are about to smell at
arm’s length and waft the fumes toward you.
Gradually bring the container closer to your
nose until you can smell the fumes safely.
Reading Check Answers, p. 13
1. Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System
2. (a) Compressed gas
(b) Flammable and combustible material
(c) Dangerously reactive material
3. (a) Explosive
(b) Corrosive
(c) Poisonous
Reading Check Answers, p. 21
1. A liquid takes on the shape of the container it
is in but holds its own volume. A solid holds
its own shape and volume.
2. A liquid takes on the shape of the container it
is in but holds its own volume. A gas takes on
the shape but expands to fill the container.
3. Solids have very little space between the particles,
while gas particles have very large spaces
between them.
4. (a) Adding energy increases the space between
particles.
(b) Losing energy decreases space between
particles.
5. (a) Adding energy causes particles to vibrate
more vigorously.
(b) Losing energy causes particles to vibrate
less vigorously.
6. In condensation, a gas turns into a liquid.
7. Sublimation and deposition are opposite
processes in the conversion of gases and solids.
A gas changing state to a solid is deposition; a
solid changing state to a gas is sublimation.
Pg 11 - Reading Check - Saftey #1-5
Pg 13 - Reading Check - WHMIS #1-3
Pg 21 - Reading Check - KMT #1-7
Answers:
1. Before starting a science activity, know the
safety rules that apply to your laboratory as
well as any safety guidelines that apply to the
specific lab activity you are about to begin.
2. Report any nick or chip in glassware to your
teacher and then discard it in the sharps
bucket.
3. Never taste a chemical in the science lab, even
if it is a food item.
4. Take a container with an obscured label to
your teacher.
5. Hold the chemical you are about to smell at
arm’s length and waft the fumes toward you.
Gradually bring the container closer to your
nose until you can smell the fumes safely.
Reading Check Answers, p. 13
1. Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System
2. (a) Compressed gas
(b) Flammable and combustible material
(c) Dangerously reactive material
3. (a) Explosive
(b) Corrosive
(c) Poisonous
Reading Check Answers, p. 21
1. A liquid takes on the shape of the container it
is in but holds its own volume. A solid holds
its own shape and volume.
2. A liquid takes on the shape of the container it
is in but holds its own volume. A gas takes on
the shape but expands to fill the container.
3. Solids have very little space between the particles,
while gas particles have very large spaces
between them.
4. (a) Adding energy increases the space between
particles.
(b) Losing energy decreases space between
particles.
5. (a) Adding energy causes particles to vibrate
more vigorously.
(b) Losing energy causes particles to vibrate
less vigorously.
6. In condensation, a gas turns into a liquid.
7. Sublimation and deposition are opposite
processes in the conversion of gases and solids.
A gas changing state to a solid is deposition; a
solid changing state to a gas is sublimation.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
