Day 5 - Chemical Compounds and Bonding

Think about how much of the course you have covered. Well done to all students for completing week one. On Monday there is a quiz for Chapter 3.

Today's work: Chapter 3 - Compounds

Reading Check Pg 83 # 1 - 9

We practiced naming and writing some of the formulae on pages 86 - 91

Pg 95 # 1, 2abc, 3abcgh, 5abgh, 6abgh

Pg 97-99 (read only, just skim it).

Pg 106-107 Chapter 3 Review # 1 - 20 (#14 - 20 only do a +b for each question)

This weekend it is really important to study all your quizes and daily assignments as I am planning to give a Unit Test on Chapters #1-3 on Tuesday.

This is a good resource on different kinds of bonding and Van Der Waal Forces.

Chapter 2 Quiz Answers
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. A
11. F
12. G
13. B
14. H
15. D
16. A

PG 83 # 1 - 9

Checking Concepts

1. A chemical bond is a link between two atoms

that holds the atoms together.

2. Covalent and ionic

3. In a covalent bond, atoms are connected by

sharing a pair of electrons.

4. In an ionic compound, positive ions and nega-

tive ions are attracted to each other through

their opposite electric charges.

5. When a sodium atom loses an electron, it

becomes positively charged. When a chlorine

atom gains an electron, it becomes negatively

charged. All the negative charges repel each

other but attract the positive charges.

This results in an alternating arrangement

inside a crystal lattice.

6. (a) Lithium forms a positive ion, whereas fluo-

rine forms a negative ion.

(b) Li+and F–

7. (a) Two

(b) One

8. (a) Carbonate, CO

32–

(b) Phosphate, PO

43–

(c) Ammonium, (NH

4+) and nitrate, (NO3–)

9. (a) Covalent

(b) Four

(c) Polyatomic ion

PG 95 Checking Concepts

1. (a) Two

(b) The first part names the positive ion, while

the second part names the negative ion.

2. (a) Lithium, positive ion

(b) Nitrate, negative ion, polyatomic ion

(c) Iron(III), positive ion, multivalent metal

(d) Acetate, negative ion, polyatomic ion

(e) Chromium(II), positive ion, multivalent

metal

(f) Chloride, negative ion

(g) Perchlorate, negative ion, polyatomic ion

(h) Ammonium, negative ion, polyatomic ion

3. (a) Chromate, 1 chromium atom, 4 oxygen

atoms, 5 atoms in total, charge of 2–

(b) Dichromate, 2 chromium atoms, 7 oxygen

atoms, 9 atoms in total, charge of 2–

(c) Ammonium, 1 nitrogen atom, 4 hydrogen

atoms, 5 atoms in total, charge of 1+

(d) Acetate, 2 carbon atoms, 3 hydrogen

atoms, 2 oxygen atoms, 7 atoms in total,

charge of 1–

(e) Hydrogen sulphate, 1 hydrogen atom, 1

sulphur atom, 4 oxygen atoms, 6 atoms in

total, charge of 1–

(f) Sulphate, 1 sulphur atom, 4 oxygen atoms,

5 atoms in total, charge of 2–

(g) Sulphite, 1 sulphur atom, 3 oxygen atoms,

4 atoms in total, charge of 2–

(h) Sulphide, 1 sulphur atom, 1 atom in total,

charge of 2– (f) Mn

3P2

(g) Chromium(II) fluoride

(h) Copper(I) iodide

(i) Manganese(II) sulphide

(j) Lead(IV) oxide

(k) Tin(IV) oxide

(l) Chromium(II) nitride

6. (a) Magnesium hydroxide

(b) Potassium sulphate

(c) Aluminum hydrogen carbonate

(d) Copper(I) carbonate

(e) Iron(II) permanganate

(f) Ammonium sulphate

(g) Na 2SO4

(h) Ca 3(PO4)2

(i) Al(NO 3)3

(j) NH 4HSO4

(k) Pb(ClO3)4

(l) Fe2(CO3)3

PG 106 - 107

1. In an element, only one type of atom is pres-

ent. In a compound, atoms or ions from two

or more different elements are chemically

combined.

2. (a) Ionic and covalent

(b) In ionic compounds, one or more electrons

transfers between atoms, producing posi-

tive and negative ions. These ions are

attracted together because of their opposite

charges. In covalent compounds, two

atoms share the same pair of electrons, and

this sharing acts as a bond to hold them

together.

3. (a) Students’ drawings may vary but could

include either of the following:

Checking Concepts

1. In an element, only one type of atom is pres-

ent. In a compound, atoms or ions from two

or more different elements are chemically

combined.

2. (a) Ionic and covalent

(b) In ionic compounds, one or more electrons

transfers between atoms, producing posi-

tive and negative ions. These ions are

attracted together because of their opposite

charges. In covalent compounds, two

atoms share the same pair of electrons, and

this sharing acts as a bond to hold them

together.

3. (a) Students’ drawings may vary but could

include either of the following:

(b) The covalent bond is represented by the

“sticks” connecting the balls together or

the shared pair of electrons.

4. It is possible to keep dividing water by separat-

ing molecules until there is only one left. If a

molecule is broken up, this is a chemical

change and produces new substances with new

properties. This makes a single water molecule

the smallest possible sample of water.

5. Two neighbouring water molecules are not

covalently bonded. The covalent bonds exist

only between atoms of the same molecule.

6. All positive ions in an ionic lattice are

attracted to all other negative ions anywhere

in the lattice. However, the attraction

decreases with distance, and most of the

attraction is to the nearest negative ions.

7. (a) 2 chromium atoms and 7 oxygen atoms

(b) 2–

8. (a) Ionic

(b) Ionic

(c) Covalent

(d) Covalent

(e) Ionic

9. If the same chemical name applied to more

than one compound, this would lead to confu-

sion about which chemical is being referred to.

10. (a) International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry

(b) One important responsibility is to develop

rules for naming compounds.

11. (a) A reactant is a starting material in a chemi-

cal reaction. The reactant gets used up

during the reaction.

(b) A product is a material that is made during

a chemical reaction. The reactants turn

into products.

12. In an exothermic change, there is an overall

release of energy from the system. Often, this

means the reaction system warms up. In an

endothermic change, there is an overall

absorption of energy by the system as energy

flows into it.

Understanding Key Ideas

13. The carbonate ion CO

32–is like a molecule

because the carbon and three oxygen atoms

are covalently bonded to each other. It is like

an ion because the group of atoms carries an

electric charge of 2–.

14. (a) Sodium iodide

(b) Magnesium nitride

(c) Zinc oxide

(d) Aluminum fluoride

15. (a) Potassium nitride

(b) Calcium sulphide

(c) Silver sulphide

(d) Aluminum phosphide

(e) Strontium nitride

(f) Cesium oxide

16. (a) KBr

(b) K2O

(c) CaO

(d) Al2O3

(e) AlCl3

(f) Al2S

17. (a) Chromium(III) chloride

(b) Chromium(II) chloride

(c) Iron(II) chloride

(d) Iron(III) oxide

(e) Gold(I) oxide

(f) Gold(III) oxide

18. (a) FeF2

(b) FeF3

(c) CuF

(d) Cu2O

(e) CuO

(f) SnO2

19. (a) Ammonium phosphide

(b) Ammonium phosphite

(c) Ammonium phosphate

(d) Sodium phosphate

(e) Magnesium phosphate

(f) Iron(II) carbonate

20. (a) Na 2SO4

(b) Ca(NO3)2

(c) Al(OH)3

(d) Sr(HSO 4)2

(e) NH 4HSO4

(f) Ni(ClO )ionic compound

Day 3 - Elements

Today we wrote a quiz, #1-16 and all marks count.

Homework today is:

1.) Read pgs 43 - 47 and complete #1-5 on page 47

2.) Checking concepts Pg 51 #1-4, #6-13

3.) Read pages 52 - 57, 60 -61 and do questions #1-21 on page 63


A good reference to review what you have learned about elements can be found here.

Answers:


Reading Check Answers, p. 47
1. Unlike iron, sodium melts at a low temperature,
is soft, and is highly reactive in water.
2. Iron is strong and can be made stronger by
adding carbon.
3. Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at
room temperature.
4. Chlorine is added to water to kill bacteria.
Chlorine also combines with sodium to make
table salt.
5. Silver can be polished and moulded and is
both malleable and ductile, making it useful
for jewellery. Its conductivity makes it useful
in electronics.

PG 51


1. (a) An element is a substance made up of only
one type of atom. More precisely, all atoms
of the same element have the same number
of protons.
(b) There are about 92 naturally occurring
elements (about 115–120 elements in
total).
2. Chemical symbols allow scientists to communicate
about elements in a way that is understood
by scientists all over the world.
3. (a) Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine
(b) Bromine, mercury
(c) Answers may vary. Sample answer: potassium,
carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, iodine.
(d) Answers may vary. Sample answer: lithium,
sodium, rubidium, cesium.
4. Any two of strontium, magnesium, copper
6. Hydrogen
7. Silver
8. Iron and carbon make steel. Other metals are
usually added in as well.
9. The atmosphere is about 21% oxygen.
10. Oxygen in our atmosphere was produced by
plants over the past 3 billion years.
11. Sodium metal reacts violently with water,
making it unsuitable for use in drinking
glasses.
12. Chlorine in swimming pools is effective at
killing bacteria and other pathogens in the
water.
13. Hydrogen makes up more than 90% of the
atoms in the universe.
14. Silicon combines with oxygen to make sand.



Checking Concepts Pg. 63

1. The periodic table is a chart that organizes the
elements according to their physical and
chemical properties.
2. Atomic number = number of protons in each
atom of the element
3. Atomic number
4. (a) 2
(b) 8
(c) 26
(d) 79
(e) 92
(f) 101
5. An atom of potassium
6. Atomic mass is the mass of an atom of an element.
7. Atomic mass units
8. Atomic mass generally increases from left to
right and from top to bottom through the
table.
9. (a) 6.9 amu
(b) 28.1 amu
(c) 55.8 amu
(d) 63.5 amu
(e) 200.6 amu
10. Lead
11. Ion charge is an electric charge that forms on
an atom when it gains or loses electrons.
12. An electron
13. (a) Positive
(b) Negative
14. These elements do not form ions.
15. The element is capable of forming an ion in
more than one way.
16. (a) 2+, 3+, and 4+
(b) 2+
17. Metals, non-metals, and metalloids
18. (a) Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens,
and noble gases
(b) Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
(c) Halogens and noble gases
19. Any five of boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic,
antimony, tellurium, polonium, and astatine
20. Periods
21. Families or groups

Day 18 - Chapter 6 and Final Exam Preparation

Students should prepare for tomorrow's final exam by going over Unit tests and Chapter quizes. Use the website, your text, tests, and previous homework assignments to help you study. You will be allowed one sheet of paper to help you as a "cheat sheet" on tomorrow's final exam. There are 3 sections, and 20 questions (or so) in each section.

You must bring a pencil! The marking machine cannot read anything other than pencil. No one leaves the room for any reason during the final exam. Go to the bathroom and get a drink before class.

Please bring your textbooks for Friday. They will be collected. If you don't bring it in, you will owe us money and the office may not pass you to the next grade without it!

Good Luck!

Here are the answers to yesterday's homework:

p. 215
1. Unique proteins and sugars on the surfaces of
eggs and sperm help in species identification.
2. The method of fertilization for land-dwelling
animals is usually internal fertilization.
3. The method of fertilization for water-dwelling
animals is usually external fertilization.
4. Pollination is the method of internal fertilization
for land-dwelling plants, where sperm is
transferred to the female productive part of
the plant.
5. Within a seed is a plant embryo and stored
food for the embryo.

Pg 223 -

1. For successful sexual reproduction to occur,
two parents of the same species are required,
and two gametes must come together for fertilization.
2. The three stages of sexual reproduction are
mating, where gametes are brought together;
fertilization, which is the union of the egg and
sperm; and development, which is a series of
mitotic and cell divisions of the zygote that
form the embryo and fetus.
3. Answers may vary. Mammals that mate in
water include whales, sea lions, sea otters, dolphins,
and seals.
4. Internal fertilization occurs when the sperm
cells are deposited inside the female’s body
where they meet the egg. Usually only one
sperm can fertilize an egg.
5. External fertilization occurs when a sperm and
egg unite outside the bodies of the parents.
6. When an egg and sperm unite, this restores
the diploid number of chromosomes. If more
than one sperm was able to fertilize the egg,
the fertilized egg would have more than the
diploid number of chromosomes. The fertilized
egg would be unable to undergo any
more cell divisions as the egg would not pass
the checkpoints because of the incorrect number
of chromosomes.

7. Water or water-containing fluid is necessary
for animals that reproduce sexually to prevent
the dehydration of the egg, sperm, and
embryo. This is not a problem in water but
does become a problem on land.
8. In plants, the pollen tube delivers the sperm to
the egg.
9. In flowering plants, the seed is enclosed in a
fruit. In cone-bearing plants, the seed is protected
within the female cone.

Pg. 232 - 233

Checking Concepts
1. Meiosis is necessary for multicellular organisms
so that the chromosome number can be
retained and so that genetic variation can
occur.
2. Meiosis II is very similar to mitosis since in
both processes sister chromatids separate.
3. At the beginning of meiosis, the parent cell is
diploid. At the end of meiosis, there are four
haploid cells.
4. The two events that produce genetic variation
are crossing over, where genetic information is
exchanged between non-sister chromatids, and
independent assortment, where there are two
possibilities for how a chromosome will sort
itself into daughter cells.
5. Crossing over is like shuffling a deck of cards
because there are many, many possibilities of
how the genetic material in a gamete will
order itself. Crossing over can occur multiple
times, like cutting the cards and shuffling a
deck of cards.
6. You are not identical to your parents or siblings
because of the reshuffling from crossing
over and independent assortment. In independent
assortment, the egg contained chromosomes
from your grandparents on your
mother’s side, and the sperm contained genetic
information from your grandparents on your
father’s side. For each chromosome in the egg,
there was a 50% chance that you inherited
your grandmother’s genetic information, 50%
that the genetic information was from your
grandfather on your mother’s side. This is true
for all 23 chromosomes, so this is 223 possibilities
just from the egg, and there would be 223
possibilities for the sperm.
7. A karyotype allows geneticists to determine
whether there has been a chromosomal mutation.
A whole chromosome could have been
deleted or added, or a piece of a chromosome
could have been added, deleted, or moved
onto another chromosome.
8. The syndrome with three chromosomes 21s
is Trisomy 21, commonly known as Down
syndrome.
9. Answers will vary as there are many ways that
students could connect these ideas. Check for
correct associations.
10. (a) Internal fertilization
(b) External fertilization
(c) External fertilization
(d) Both, since this is sexual reproduction
from the union of the egg and sperm
11. (a) The period of rapid growth rate is from
three to six months.
(b) The growth is the slowest between the
sixth and seventh month.

(c) The fastest growth rate shows the steepest
slope on the graph. The slowest growth
rate is shown in the least steep slope.
Understanding Key Ideas
12. The purpose of fertilization is to join the egg
and the sperm, to restore the diploid number
for the offspring.
13. External fertilization is suited to aquatic environments
because the eggs, sperm, and zygote
will not dry out, and the water helps disperse
the eggs and sperm.
14. A single fertilized egg grows into a multicellular
embryo by dividing millions of times by
mitosis. The cells differentiate and become
specialized to perform a particular function.
This means certain genes will now be read and
other genes will no longer be read.
15. Pollen is male sperm and therefore contains
DNA. Each species would have unique DNA
in the pollen that might help in a crime investigation.
16. (a) 1. Ectoderm; 2. mesoderm; 3. endoderm
(b) Answers may vary but should include any
one of each of the following organs.
Ectoderm: skin, nervous system; mesoderm:
kidneys, reproductive organs;
endoderm: lining of digestive system,
lungs, liver
17. Scientists prefer to use embryonic stem cells
because these cells have the potential to
become any type of cell. Teenage or adult stem
cells can become only a few different types of
cells. For example, an adult blood stem cell
could become only blood tissue, not muscle
cells or skin cells.
18. The researcher is looking at a karyotype.
By doing this analysis, the researcher can
determine if the person has a chromosome
mutation.
19. Reproductive technology has an impact on
society because it helps infertile couples to
conceive. However, the technology raises
many ethical and other questions, such as
should these technologies be free and available
to everyone, should we be selecting for
embryos, who are the biological and legal parents
of the child, and what do we do with the
unused embryos.


Chapter 6 Quiz
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. D
10. B
11. D
12. E
13. F
14. A
15. B
16. C

Pgs 161 and 165

Here are the Answers to Pg 161


p. 161
1. The four phases of mitosis are: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
2. During prophase, the nucleolus disappears and
the nuclear membrane begins to break down.
The chromosomes become visible and they
attach themselves to spindle fibres at their
centromeres.
3. During cytokinesis in animal cells, the cell
membrane pinches together and the cytoplasm
divides (Figure 5.9). During cytokinesis in
plant cells, a cell plate forms across the middle
and contains material to form a new cell wall
and cell membrane (Figure 5.10).
4. The importance of checkpoints in the cell
cycle is that at these checkpoints the cell can
be stopped from growing or dividing if conditions
are unsuitable. This precise control is
important to the survival of the organism.
5. If a checkpoint protein no longer functions,
which could occur when a mutation occurs in
a gene producing the instructions for a checkpoint
protein, cell cycle control will be lost,
and this could lead to cancer.

PG 165 # 1-6


1. (a) During growth and preparation, the cell
increases in size and makes the proteins
and molecules necessary for it to function.
Some organelles begin to duplicate.
(b) During replication, the DNA copies itself.
(c) In the continued growth and preparation
phase, the cell makes materials such as proteins
and duplicates organelles such as
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
2. The steps in DNA replication are: (a) the
DNA molecule unwinds, (b) the steps of the
DNA ladder break apart to form a template,
(c) the new side forms with A pairing with T
and G pairing with C.
3. The function of mitosis is to divide the contents
of the cell’s nucleus so that each daughter
cell will have the same number and kinds of
chromosomes as the original cell.
4. Mitosis is occurring only in cells that are
preparing to divide. Some cells stay in the
growth and preparation phase for a long
period of time. For example, brain cells get
replaced every 30 to 50 years. Cells that
become worn out easily, such as stomach
lining, intestinal lining, and skin cells, undergo
mitosis more frequently. Figure 5.3 on page
152 gives examples of different cell replacement
times.
5. Spindle fibres function to guide attached chromosomes
to opposite poles of the cell as they
contract and shorten.
6. (a) A; (b) A; (c) D; (d) C, B A, D
(e) You could tell whether a cell is just entering
mitosis by observing if the chromosomes
appear duplicated like an X where
two chromatids are attached at a centromere.
The cell would be just completing
mitosis if the chromatids are single.


1. In binary fission in bacteria, there is no
nucleus. Bacteria have only one chromosome
ring, so there is no mitosis as seen in eukaryotic
cells where the nuclear membrane disappears
and the X-shaped chromosomes move to
the equator and then separate.
2. Binary fission occurs in unicellular organisms,
but budding occurs in multicellular organisms.
In budding, repeated mitosis and cell division
occurs within an area of the individual so that
a multicellular outgrowth or bud is produced.
3. Fragmentation occurs when a piece of a plant
or animal breaks away. A new organism is able
to grow from the multiplication of the cells of
the fragmented piece.
4. In plant grafting, the stem of a desired plant is
attached to another plant that already has
roots.
5. In therapeutic cloning, stem cells can be used
to replace damaged or diseased cells.
(Embryonic stem cells, as well as egg and
sperm cells, have the potential to become any
type of cell. If the nucleus of a skin cell of a
person who has a disease is removed and
inserted into an enucleated stem cell or egg
cell, the nucleus will make proteins unique to
that individual. These new cells can be chemically
induced to become the desired type of
cell, such as kidney cells. When the kidney
cells are put back into the patient, they will
not be rejected because the patient’s body recognizes
these cells as belonging to them since
the cells will be making unique molecules
coded in the DNA of the nucleus.)

Day 17 - Sexual Reproduction and Development

Today we will be discussing the differences between different methods of reproduction, i.e. internal vs. external fertilization, and reproductive technology. It should be the goal of the student that they can differentiate before tomorrows quiz on chapter 6

Advantages and disadvantages to asexual and sexual reproduction as a strategy

Different methods of asexual reproduction

Different methods of sexual reproduction

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

How are mitosis and meiosis similar?

Can you describe Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokenesis in 10 seconds each? What about 5 seconds each? What about 2?

Don't forget about the final exam on Thursday!
Here is the homework due Wednesday:

Pg 215 # 1 - 5
Pg 223 # 1 - 9
Pg. 233 # 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12-16.

These are the answers to last day's assignments:
Pg 184 # 1-26

1. Cell division is necessary in unicellular organisms
so that these organisms can reproduce
themselves in great numbers.
2. Cell division is necessary in multicellular
organisms for growth and to replace worn-out
cells.
3. The three stages of the cell cycle are interphase,
mitosis, and cytokinesis.
4. Cells are performing the life functions of a cell
during interphase. Digestive system cells will
be making enzymes, retina cells will be performing
chemical reactions so that you are
able to see. In addition, the cell is preparing
for cell division by duplicating organelles.
5. The checkpoint proteins check for the following:
(a) Are there enough nutrients in the cell
to support growth? (b) Is the DNA damaged?
(c) Has the DNA replicated? (d) Have the
chromosomes become attached to the spindle
fibres? (e) Have the chromosomes moved to
the poles in anaphase?
6. If the cell as unable to make the proteins to
form spindle fibres, mitosis could not occur
successfully since the chromosomes would not
be able to attach. The result would be that the
chromosomes would not be equally distributed
between cells.
7. If there is a mutation in a checkpoint protein,
the cell may continue to proceed through the
cell cycle and the result is that the cell may die
or have a mutation.
8. Bacteria grow at an exponential rate through
binary fission and mutations do occur. If a
mutation occurs that allows the bacteria to
become resistant to antibiotics, these bacteria
will survive and multiply.
9. The chart should include the following:
Interphase: Cell carries out the functions necessary
for survival, and if the cell is going to
divide it will prepare for cell division by copying
the DNA and duplicating organelles.
Mitosis: The duplicated chromosomes are
divided into two equal parts.
Cytokinesis: The two nuclei and the contents
of the cell separate into two daughter cells.
10. The chart should include the following:
Prophase: The chromosomes become visible,
and the spindle fibres appear and chromosomes
attach.
Metaphase: The spindle fibres pull the Xshaped
chromosomes into a single line at the
equator.
Anaphase: The spindle fibres contract and
shorten, and the chromatids are pulled to
opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase: The spindle fibres disappear, and
the nuclear membrane forms around each set
of chromosomes.
11. The daughter plant cells will remain together
with a cell plate between them, which will
form the cell membrane and cell wall. The
animal cells will pinch completely apart.
12. The major disadvantage of asexual reproduction
is that there is very little variation so all
the offspring are identical. If conditions
change, all of the individuals could die.
13. Three reasons for human-assisted cloning are
to save an endangered species, to mass produce
an organism with a desired trait, or to
correct health problems.
14. Reproductive cloning is also known as adult
DNA cloning, and it is used to duplicate an
entire individual that has a desired trait.
15. Stem cells are cells that are not yet differentiated
to become a specific kind of cell. They
have the potential to become many different
types of cells.

16. Two characteristics of asexual reproduction are
that only one parent is required and all of the
offspring are genetic clones of the parent.
17. The nuclear membrane must disintegrate during
prophase so that the chromosomes are free
to attach to the spindle fibres.
18. (a) These cells are plant cells.
(b) You know that they are plant cells because
there appears to be a cell wall, there is no
centromere for the spindle fibres to attach
to, and the cells remain side by side after
cell division.
(c) The correct sequence is C, A, D, B.
(d) Diagram C shows prophase where the
chromosomes become visible. Diagram A
show metaphase where the chromosomes
are lined up in single file at the equator.
Diagram D shows anaphase where the
chromatids move to opposite poles.
Diagram B shows telophase where the
nuclear membrane forms around the sets
of chromosomes.
19. If the chromosomes do not separate out correctly
during anaphase, the cell will probably
not pass the checkpoints to go through the
rest of the cell cycle. The cell will die, or it
may go unchecked so that one daughter cell
will end up with more chromosomes than the
other daughter cell.
20. Cancer cells spread to a new location when
they break away and move into the bloodstream,
where they may begin to divide and
form a new tumour.
21. The blood vessels branch into the tumour and
deliver nutrients to it, which allows it to grow
even more rapidly.
22. A laboratory technician can identify cancer
cells because these cells have a large abnormal
nucleus since there are extra chromosomes
inside.
23. Only less complex forms of life can reproduce
asexually because lower forms have only a few
types of cells. Higher forms have many types
of specialized cells to form complex tissues.
24. There are concerns about stem cell research
because some people feel it is wrong to
destroy cells that are able to develop into an
individual.
25. To determine the best conditions for reproduction
of an amoeba, the scientist might put
the amoeba in different environments such as
more light, less light, warmer temperatures,
colder temperatures, more acidic, or less
acidic. The conditions that produced the
fastest rate of growth without any mutations
would be the ideal conditions.


p. 194
1. Genetic diversity is the inherited differences in
a population. For example, not everyone in the
classroom is the same height.
2. The function of meiosis is to reduce the chromosome
number so that when the egg and
sperm unite the original number of chromosomes
will not be doubled.
3. (a) The haploid number of chromosomes in
humans is 23.
(b) The diploid number of chromosomes in
humans is 46.
4. Another name for a fertilized egg is a zygote.
5. Homologous chromosomes are a matching
pair of chromosomes that are the same size
and shape. They have genes coding for the
same trait in the same location. (One member
of the pair originally came from the mother’s
egg and the other from the father’s sperm).


Pg 203

1. The number of chromosomes in a human skin
cell is 46 (the diploid number) and in a human
egg cell is 23 (the haploid number).
2. To identify a pair of homologous chromosomes,
you would look for two chromosomes
that have the same size and shape.
3. The benefits of genetic diversity are that
organisms may have new characteristics that
allow them to be better equipped to cope with
changes in the environment. The organism
may gain an advantage over another organism.
4. For a zygote to become an embryo, the cell
must undergo mitosis and cell division.
5. (a) Meiosis II
(b) Meiosis I
(c) Meiosis I
(d) Meiosis I
(e) Meiosis II

6. Cannot be uploaded at this time. Mr. Gill is working on a solution.


7. In meiosis I, the homologous chromosomes
are paired at the equator. In mitosis, the
homologous chromosomes are unpaired and
line up individually at the equator.
8. There is the diploid number (46 chromosomes
in humans) in metaphase of mitosis and the
haploid number (23 chromosomes or 46 chromatids
in humans) in metaphase II of meiosis.
9. In crossing over, parts of non-sister chromatids
exchange information that could create
new characteristics.
10. In independent assortment, there are two possibilities
of how a chromosome will sort itself
into the daughter cells. This is true for each of
the 23 pairs, so this leads to many possible
combinations.
11. Examples of chromosome mutations can
include the loss of a whole chromosome, or
part of a chromosome, the duplication of a
chromosome, or the movement of a piece of
the chromosome within itself or to another
chromosome. Students might mention fruit fly
mutations here as well.

12. Examples of genetic disorders illustrated in the
text include: Down syndrome and Edwards
syndrome.

Day 16 - Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

Keep going, guys! Only 5 days and counting! I just marked the homework, and I must say for the most part it was not very good. Many people seem to be putting in very little effort towards completing all their answers. I want to encourage you to complete all answers. In the event your test and quiz scores are borderline passing, I will be looking at your homework records to judge whether or not you have achieved a good enough understanding to pass. Homework is very important for your studies. DO YOUR HOMEWORK!

Here are the answers to the Chapter 4 Quiz


Chapter 4 Quiz
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. D
12. C
13. F
14. E
15. A
16. B

Here is the homework for tonight:

Pg 194 # 1 - 5
Pg 203 # 1 - 12

Here are the answers to the Chapter 5 Quiz Questions:

Chapter 5 Quiz
1. D
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. D
11. D
12. A
13. F
14. C
15. B
16. E

Movies! - Mitosis and Meiosis

Here is a great movie that teaches about Mitosis:




This is a good movie on Meiosis:



And another video on Meiosis:




Hope this helps! Study hard - 5 school days left!